EARLY CHILDHOOD:

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Chapter 8

• EARLY CHILDHOOD
• Emotional and social development

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Emotional Development and Adjustment
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Thinking Tasks are Critical to Emotional
Development

• Emotions Are Central to Childrens Lives
• Teaching Effective Problem-solving Skills
• Learning Parents Expression of Emotions

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Timing and Sequence

• Facial Expressions and Body Language
• Very young infants express happiness, sadness,
  distress, anger and surprise

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Play Behaviors and Emotional-Social Development

• Play Voluntary activities that are not performed
  for any sake beyond themselves.
• Functional play
• Constructive play
• Parallel play
• Onlooker play
• Associative play
• Cooperative (collaborative) play

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Emotional-Social Development

• Imaginative Play is Inexpensive but Priceless
• Imaginary Friends
• Gender Differences
• Play Benefits Emotional Well-Being
• Cultural Differences in Play

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Emotional Response and Self-Regulation

• Culture Transmits Expectations
• Asian and Pacific Islander (API) Children
• collectivism
• Hispanic American Expectations
• machismo
• marianismo
• African American Expectations
• Cross-Cultural Understanding and Effective
  Teaching, Health Care, and Social Services

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Acquiring Emotional Understanding

• The Link Between Feeling and Thinking
• Responding to Emotions of Others
• Forming Emotional Ties

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The Development of Self-Awareness
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Self-Esteem

• A childs own sense of self-worth or self-image
  is part of the overall dimension called
  self-esteem.

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The Sense of Self

• Self the system of concepts we use in defining
  ourselves.
• Neisser Ecological Self
• Interpersonal Self
• Self-Concept the image one has of oneself.

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Measuring a Childs Self-Esteem

• Harter and Pike Pictorial Scale of Perceived
  Competence and Social Acceptance in Young
  Children.

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Gifted Children and Their Sense of Self

• Entelechy
• Self-Efficacy

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Gender Identification
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Gender Identity

• Gender Roles Sets of cultural expectations that
  define the ways in which the members of each sex
  should behave.
• Gender Identity The conception that people have
  of themselves as being male or female.

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Hormonal Influences on Gender Behaviors

• Males tend to be more logical, analytical,
  spatial and mathematical.
• Females tend to be more verbal at an earlier age,
  more emotional and more social.
• Individual childs family experience and
  socialization.

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Social Influences on Gender Behaviors

• Money Environmental influences
• Kagan Psychological processes that are at work
  in attuning youngsters to their gender roles
• Gender and Cultural Distinctions

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Theories Regarding the Acquisition of Gender
Identity

• Psychoanalytic Theory
• Children psychologically bisexual at birth
• Resolution of Oedipal and Electra complexes
  Girls identify with mothers Boys identify with
  fathers.

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Psychosocial Theory

• Erikson Initiative versus guilt
• Parents encourage (and discourage) certain gender
  behaviors.

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Cognitive Learning Theory

• Children are neutral at birth
• Selective reinforcement and imitation play
• Bandura Observational Learning

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Cognitive Developmental Theory

• Kohlberg self-socialization
• Children first learn to label themselves as
  male or female.
• Attempt to master behaviors
• Evaluation of Theories
• Gender stereotypes

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Mothers, Fathers, and Gender Typing

• Parents stereotypes regarding male and female
  childrens behavior.
• Father encourages femininity in females and
  masculinity in males.
• Fathers fear of homosexuality inhibits displays
  of emotion in sons.

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Family Influences
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Families Convey Cultural Standards

• Socialization The process of transmitting
  culture, of transforming children into bona fide,
  functioning members of society.

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Cultural Trends Affecting Families

• Shifting trends in divorce, childbearing, living
  arrangements, migration, education, work, income
  and poverty

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Determinants of Parenting

• The Parents Characteristics
• Troubled parents more likely to have troubled
  children.
• The Childs Characteristics
• Age, gender and temperament
• Sources of Stress and Support

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Key Child-Rearing Practices

• Warmth or hostility
• Control or autonomy
• Consistency or inconsistency
• Combinations
• Warm but restrictive
• Warm with democratic procedures
• Hostile (Rejecting) and restrictive
• Hostile and permissive

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Child Abuse

• Fine line between legitimate discipline and child
  abuse
• Sexual Abuse of Children
• Prevention Programs

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Parenting Styles

• Authoritarian Parents operate from the
  rejecting-demanding dimensio
• Children Discontented, withdrawn, distrustful

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Authoritative

• Parents provide firm direction but give freedom
  within limits.
• Children Self-reliant, self-controlled,
  explorative, contented
• Scaffolding Supports a childs learning through
  interventions and tutoring that provide helpful
  task information attuned to the childs current
  level of functioning.

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Permissive Parenting

• Non-punitive, accepting and affirmative
  environment
• Children regulate own behavior.
• Children least self-reliant, explorative and
  self-controlled

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Harmonious Parenting

• Egalitarian parenting
• Children Small sample in study not enough for
  projection

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Gaining Perspective on Parenting

• The Harvard Child-Rearing Study
• How parents feel about child makes the difference
• The Harvard Preschool Project
• Effective mothers do not devote their entire day
  to child rearing

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American Family Structures in 2000

• Single-Parent Families and Effects of Divorce
• Adjustment is better second year
• Joint Custody Arrangements
• Best predictor for child relationship with both
  mother and father
• Young Children with Gay or Lesbian Parents

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Sibling Relationships

• Differences in the microenvironment
• Firstborn Parents attach greater importance to
  their firstborn.
• Confluence Theory The oldest sibling richer
  intellectual environment

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Resource Dilution Hypothesis

• Resources get spread thin to the detriment of all
  offspring
• Adlers dethroning of firstborn

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Nonfamilial Social Influences
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Peer Relationships and Friendships

• Peers are individuals who are approximately the
  same age
• 3-year olds form friendships like adults.
• Peer Reinforcement and Modeling
• Children learn by imitating other children.

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Aggression in Children

• Aggression Behavior that is socially defined as
  injurious or destructive.
• Boys physical and verbal aggression
• Girls relational issues

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Preschools and Head Start
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Advantages

• Performed as well or better than peers
• Fewer grade retention
• Better parenting skills for parents
• Higher academic achievement
• Less delinquent behaviors
• Better parent involvement in school

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Media Influences
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Television

• Television fosters aggressive behavior.
• Children learn aggressive skills.
• Weakens childrens inhibitions
• Vicarious conditioning

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Video and Computer Games and the Internet

• Opportunities for learning and decision-making
• Opportunities for inappropriate learning