The Crusades Part II

1
The Crusades Part II

• The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Crusades

2
The Crusader Kingdoms
3
The Second Crusade 1146

• Nuredin had reconquered 2 Christian Kingdoms in
  the Holy Land (Edessa and Antioch)
• The Templars were formed in around 1118 to
  protect the new possessions and escort pilgrims
• Poor planning and disagreements among the leaders
  led to failure of the crusade

4
The 3rd Crusade 1189-1192

• Called by Pope Gregory VIII
• Rationale Saladin had recaptured Jerusalem in
  1187 after defeating the Christian Army at the
  Battle of Hattin

5
The call of the 3rd Crusade

• Pope Gregory VIII convinces The HRE Frederick
  Barbarossa (c. 63 years old) to lead the Crusade
• Phillip II Augustus (25) of France and Richard I
  (32) of England reluctantly agree to join the
  crusade
• Depart in 1189
• All of Western Europe forced to pay the Saladin
  tax (10)
• Byzantine Emperor so weak he sided with Saladin

6
Results

• Frederick died fording the Saleph river in Asia
  Minor
• Germans embalmed his body and carried it to
  Antioch in a barrel
• Richard captured Tyre, Acre and Jaffa
• Richard slaughters 3,000 Muslim prisoners (Acre)
• Phillip is disappointed in his lack of spoils and
  leaves the holy land sick and frustrated
• By 1191 the two sides have reached a stalemate
• Richard and Saladin reach an agreement
• Richard leaves in 1192 and is shipwrecked on the
  way home. (Ransom)

7
The 4th Crusade 1201-1204

• Why the new route?
• Holy Land and strike at Muslim power in Egypt

8
The leadership

• Theobold of Champagne (most popular)
• Boniface of Montferrat
• Pope Innocent III
• New concept of attacking from Egypt

9
The deal with Venice

• 1201 The crusaders struck a deal with the city
  state of Venice (Doge Enrico Dandalo) to carry
  them to the holy land
• Ships and 9 months provisions for 4,500 knights
  and 29,000 squires and foot soldiers for 85,000
  silver pieces
• Maybe.a secret agreement to keep the crusade
  from reaching Egypt (they traded with Muslims
  there)

10
Problems

• Theobold dies and Boniface is named the Crusade
  leader
• Boniface more interested in Byzantium than
  Jerusalem
• French Knights either chose not to go or left
  from France on foot
• When the crusaders arrive at Venice they only
  have 10,000 people total (34,000 silver pieces
  short)

11
Solution

• The Doge of Venice (Enrico Dandalo) offered a
  solution
• The problem with Hungary and the island of Zara
  (Hungary is Roman Catholic)
• Capture Zara and then are excommunicated by the
  Pope (later lifted)

12
Constantinople

• Issac II Angelus and his son Alexius IV are
  ruling the Byzantine Empire
• They are dethroned and thrown in jail by Issacs
  brother Alexius III
• Alexius IV escapes to his brother in law Phillip
  of Swabia
• He cant help but he may have sent him to the
  Pope, who then sent him to Zara

13
The 4th Crusade resumes

• Alexius IV tries to convince the crusaders to
  help restore him to the throne of Byzantium
• Also promised 10,000 soldiers for the crusade,
  money for the Venetians, and to re-unite the
  Churches
• He also promised to help pay the Venetians the
  money they were owed
• Hatred and jealousy of the Byzantines may have
  fueled the attack as well

14
The Crusade in Byzantium 1203

• After the first attack Alexius III flees
• Issac II and Alexius IV are restored
• Howeverthe people of Constantinople killed them
• Alexius V Ducas Murzuphulus is placed on the
  throne
• On April 13th 1204 the crusaders conquered the
  city (Alexius V fled)

15
Results of the Crusades

• More contact with the East (better culture)
• More trade made Italian city states very wealthy
  (the Renaissance)
• advances in military tactics, castle building
• Many powerful lords left Western Europe, opened
  the door for Kings to consolidate power
• Strong nation states
• Expansion East stopped (forced to look West)
• Age of exploration
• Popes gained political influence (maybe too
  much?)
• Perhaps perceived as too worldly? (may have led
  to shift of State over Church)