Carbohydrates

1
Carbohydrates

• Brain Food

2
Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides
• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose
• Disaccharides
• Sucrose
• Glucose fructose
• Maltose
• Glucose fructose
• Lactose
• Glucose galactose
• Polysaccharides
• Starch
• Cellulose (not cellulite)
• Glycogen

CH2OH
H
O
C
H
C
OH
H
H
H
C
C
OH
C
HO
OH
3
Making and Breaking

• Synthesis
• Dehydration
• H2O liberated

• Decomposition
• Hydrolysis
• H2O split

CH2OH
H
O
C
H
C
OH
H
H
H
C
C
OH
C
HO
OH
4
Serious Polymers

• Glycogen
• Animal glucose polymer
• 30 in liver
• 60 in skeletal muscle
• Starch
• Plant glucose polymer
• Few or no branches

• Fiber
• Indigestible sugar polymers
• Cellulose
• Hemicellulose
• Pectin
• Gum
• Mucilage
• Lignin

5
Starch Digestion

• Mouth
• Salivary amylase
• Stomach
• Not much
• Fiber makes for satiety
• Small intestine
• Pancreatic amylase
• Maltase
• Sucrase
• Lactase
• Lactose intolerance

• Large intestine
• Bacterial digestion
• Gas production

6
Carb Absorption

• First place
• Lining of mouth
• Primary place
• Small intestine
• Glucose
• Active transport
• Galactos
• Active transport
• Fructose
• Facilitated diffusion

• Starches
• Digest more slowly
• Fewer enzymatic sites
• Raise blood glucose more slowly
• Glycogen
• Digests more rapidly
• Many enzymatic sites
• Raises blood glucose rapidly

7
Glucose Utilization

• Stored as glycogen
• Short term energy storage
• Gluconeogenesis
• Making glucose from protein
• Ketogenesis
• Starvation response
• Making ketone bodies during ineffecient fat
  catabolism
• Causes ketosis
• Disrupts acid/base balance

8
Maintaining Blood Glucose Levels

• Normal blood glucose
• Around 115 mg/dL
• Hyperglycemia
• gt125 mg/dL
• Hypoglycemia
• lt100 mg/dL

• Insulin
• Allows glucose into cells
• Lowers blood glucose
• Glucagon
• Stimulates breakdown of glycogen
• Raises blood glucose

9
Diabetes

• Hyperglycemia
• Type I
• Pancreas fails to make insulin
• Type II
• Cells fail to respond to insulin
• Immune to own insulin
• Glycemic index
• Degree of insulin response stimulated by a
  particular food
• Candy bar
• High glycemic index
• Boneless, skinless chicken breast
• Low glycemic index

10
Sugar Fact and Fiction

• Nutrient deficiency
• Cavities
• Obesity
• Heart disease
• Hyperactivity
• Cravings
• Addictions

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Sugar RDA

• Its at the top of the pyramid
• Very important
• Unfortunately, NO
• Sparing use only
• Receive sugars from
• Fruit
• Veggies
• Complex carbs

12
Fiber RDA

• 25g
• Heart disease
• Diabetes
• Colon cancer
• Other cancer
• Weight management

• Too much?
• Fat soluble vitamin deficiency
• Gas

13
Good Fiber and Carbohydrate Sources

• Whole wheat
• Barley
• Bulgar
• Beans
• Veggies
• Fruit
• Berries
• Dairy products

• Recipe for Pound Soup
• 1 lb lentils
• 1 lb barley
• 1 lb wild rice
• 1 lb picante sauce
• 1 gallon fat free chicken broth
• Salt and pepper