Introduction to Innovative Design Thinking

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Introduction to Innovative Design Thinking

• CDI

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Lecture 4

• Concept of Fuzzy Logic
• Lateral thinking
• Six Thinking Hats
• Problem Identification

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Fuzzy Logic

• Fuzzy logic is a notion introduced by Lotfi
  Zadeh, a Russian professor in 1964.

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Fuzzy Logic

• It is a notion of uncertainty. Unlike logical
  thinking in a dialectic deduction or induction
  pattern, fuzzy logic aims at investigating the
  Class categories.

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Fuzzy Logic

• Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional
  (Boolean) logic that has been extended to handle
  the concept of partial truth -- truth values
  between"completely true" and "completely false".

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Fuzzy Logic

• The process of fuzzification as a methodology
  to generalize ANY specific theory from a crisp
  (discrete) to a continuous(fuzzy) form. Thus
  recently researchers have also introduced "fuzzy
  calculus", "fuzzy differential equations",and so
  on .

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Fuzzy Logic

• Fuzzy logic depends on the degree of truth. The
  issue studying can be categorized into
  mathematical calculation and classify the
  in-between differences in the degree of truth
  and fact.

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Fuzzy Logic
New Perception
Perception
Concept
Idea
Heritage
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Fuzzy Logic
New Perception
Proficiency of Languages
Perception
Concept
Idea
Heritage
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Fuzzy Logic
New Perception
Superordinates
Perception
Ordinates
Concept
Subordinates
Idea
Heritage
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Fuzzy Logic

• In classical set theory, a subset U of a set S
  can be defined as a mapping from the elements of
  S to the elements of the set 0,1, U S --gt 0,
  1

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Fuzzy Logic

• This mapping may be represented as a set of
  ordered pairs, with exactly one ordered pair
  present for each element of S. The first element
  of the ordered pair is an element of the set S,
  and the second element is an element of the set
  0, 1.

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Fuzzy Logic

• The value zero is used to represent
  non-membership, and the value one is used to
  represent membership. The truth or falsity of
  the statement x is in U is determined by finding
  the ordered pair whose first element is x.

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Fuzzy Logic

• The statement is true if the second element of
  the ordered pair is 1, and the statement is false
  if it is 0.

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Fuzzy Logic

• Similarly, a fuzzy subset F of a set S can be
  defined as a set of ordered pairs, each with the
  first element from S, and the second element from
  the interval 0,1, with exactly one ordered pair
  present for each element of S

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Fuzzy Logic

• This defines a mapping between elements of the
  set S and values in the interval 0,1. The
  value zero is used to represent complete
  non-membership, the value one is used to
  represent complete membership, and values in
  between are used to represent intermediate
  DEGREES OF MEMBERSHIP.

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Fuzzy Logic

• The set S is referred to as the UNIVERSE OF
  DISCOURSE for the fuzzy subset F. Frequently,
  the mapping is described as a function, the
  MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION of F. The degree to which the
  statement x is in F is true is determined by
  finding the ordered pair whose first element is
  x.

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Fuzzy Logic

• The DEGREE OF TRUTH of the statement is the
  second element of the ordered pair. In practice,
  the terms "membership function" and fuzzy subset
  get used interchangeably.

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Fuzzy Logic

• Let's talk about people and "tallness". In this
  case the set S (the universe of discourse) is the
  set of people. Let's define a fuzzy subset TALL,
  which will answer the question "to what degree is
  person x tall?"

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Fuzzy Logic

• TALL as a LINGUISTIC VARIABLE, which represents
  our cognitive category of "tallness". To each
  person in the universe of discourse, we have to
  assign a degree of membership in the fuzzy subset
  TALL.

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Fuzzy Logic

• The easiest way to do this is with a membership
  function based on the person's height.
• Tall(x) 0, if height(x) lt 5 ft.,
• (height(x)-5ft.)/2ft.,
• if 5 ft. lt height (x) lt 7 ft.,
• 1, if height(x) gt 7 ft.

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Fuzzy Logic

• We can draw a graph like this

1.0
0.5
0.0
5.0
7.0
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Fuzzy Logic

• Given this definition, here are some example
  values 
• Person Height degree of tallness
• Billy 3' 2" 0.00 I think
• Yoke 5' 5" 0.21
• Drew 5' 9" 0.38
• Erik 5' 10" 0.42
• Mark 6' 1" 0.54
• Kareem 7' 2" 1.00
• depends on who you ask

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Fuzzy Logic

• Expressions like "A is X" can be interpreted as
  degrees of truth,
• e.g., "Drew is TALL" 0.38.

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Fuzzy Logic

• The standard definitions in fuzzy logic are 
• truth (not x) 1.0 - truth (x)
• truth (x and y) minimum (truth(x), truth(y))
  
• truth (x or y) maximum (truth(x), truth(y))

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Fuzzy Logic

• This is a very commonly used mathematical
  calculation in developing artificial
  intelligence. The power of fuzzy logic depends on
  the ambiguity of the language.

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Fuzzy Logic

• Hence, beyond profound calculation, we can make
  use of the concept to build up a fuzzy map,
  helping us to see the vague argument more clearly
  and thoroughly.

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Lateral Thinking

• My true story
• When I was studying design
• If you were me, what would you do in order to get
  back the pen???

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Lateral Thinking

• As you can see, logical thinking sometimes does
  not help in problem solving. You have to find
  another way out.

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Lateral Thinking

• Lateral thinking is a method introduced by Dr.
  Edward De Bono.

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Lateral Thinking

• It is also known as Horizontal thinking. This
  method is totally different from the traditional
  logical thinking Vertical thinking.

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Lateral Thinking
Problem
Logical Thinking is a vertical thinking method
started from the problem towards the solution in
step by step approach.
Solution
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Lateral Thinking
Unlike Logical thinking, lateral thinking
encourage people to think all possible
alternatives.
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Lateral Thinking
By lateral thinking, we are trying to propose as
many crazy ideas as we can, without applying
logic or knowledge.
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Lateral Thinking
If blue is the best proposal, we then started to
build up the logic to study how the idea can be
executed.
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Lateral Thinking
A
If H?
In lateral thinking, we only ask WHAT IF, and
keep all nonsense as treasure. Do not, and never
criticize in the lateral thinking process.
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Lateral Thinking
U-shape thinking model
Sometimes, we cannot depend on linear logical
thinking. Using the U-shape model can help us
keep on examining the problem.
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Lateral Thinking
A
X
X
We can also set up the anti-design statement for
the problem so as to create more ideas.
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Lateral Thinking

• There are no fixed rules in lateral thinking.
  Hence, there are some points to note to arouse
  creativity.

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Lateral Thinking

• Encourage intuition.
• Allows crazy ideas.
• Simple is the best.
• Make use of possibilities.
• Treasure coincident.

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Lateral Thinking

• An interesting question before you go
• Why 7 6 equal to 10 ?

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References

• Lateral Thinking, Edward de Bono, 1985

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Six Thinking Hats

• This is a thinking method introduced by Dr.
  Edward De Bono. It depends highly on role-playing
  technique.

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Six Thinking Hats

• There are six different coloured thinking hats,
  which are White, Red, Black, Yellow, Green and
  Blue.

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Six Thinking Hats
PROBLEM
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Six Thinking Hats

• White Hat
• Collecting Data and Facts
• No interpretation and no personal opinion

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Six Thinking Hats

• Red Hat
• Expression of ones emotion and feeling.
• No need to elaborate the reasons behind.

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Six Thinking Hats

• Black Hat
• Collecting all negative comments.
• It helps to build up the negative design criteria.

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Six Thinking Hats

• Yellow Hat
• Optimistic opinions with reasons.
• Constructive ideas with logical thinking

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Six Thinking Hats

• Green Hat
• Creative ideas under lateral thinking.
• Select the appropriate solution and skill.

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Six Thinking Hats

• Blue Hat
• Drafting of design statement and criteria.
• Control and monitor the creative thinking process.

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Six Thinking Hats

• It is very important that you know the role of
  each hat. When conducting six thinking hats
  method in lesson, students can require others to
  wear or change their hats during the discussion.

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Six Thinking Hats

• It is also important that throughout the
  discussion, students ( and teachers ) should
  understand thoroughly the use of each hat and its
  limitation.

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Six Thinking Hats
Teacher can require student to wear specific hat
when discussing an issue. For example, let us all
wear Red hats to discuss this problem.
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Six Thinking Hats
Participants can require others to change
specific hat when discussing an issue. For
example, let us all change the Red hats to Black
hats to further discuss this problem.
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Six Thinking Hats
Despite the fact that it looks childish for
participants to wear hats when discussing, it
helps them to build up their mind set in the role
play within an argument.
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Six Thinking Hats
In order to make students feel more comfortable
in using the six hats thinking method, I designed
a hexagonal model for such activities.
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Six Thinking Hats
Criteria
Fact
Creative
Emotion
Positive
Negative
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Six Thinking Hats

• After sorted out all the possibilities, we have
  to map out all of them and select the best
  solutions. It relies on the deduction of concept
  map to see the relationship between each
  proposal, and logic to execute the ideas.

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Six Thinking Hats

• Are you ready?
• Remember, play the role when you wear specific
  hat!!!
• Let us try this out. Any subject matter you would
  like to study or solve?

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Six Thinking Hats

• As you may see in the activities, the six
  thinking hats depends on the participation of
  role playing and it may works out lots of
  possibilities out of your imagination.

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Six Thinking Hats

• It can be a very powerful tool when you encounter
  a specific problems and can pretended to be an
  outsider to scrutinize the subject matter that
  you are working at.

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Six Thinking Hats

• That is why lateral thinking and Six hats
  thinking method are also known as Serious
  thinking methodology.

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References

• Six thinking hats, Edward De Bono, 1988

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Problem Identification

• Words can help us to think, question, criticize
  and analysis a problem.

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Problem Identification

• Brief for HKCE DT design project 2001
• A restaurant menu holder can help promote food
  item.
• To design a restaurant menu holder for a selected
  restaurant.

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Problem Identification

• How can you guide students to build up their own
  mind set in designing the product under such
  smartly drafted design brief?

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Problem Identification

• Mind mapping, concept map, linguistic analysis
  and logic can help them to identify a problem and
  set up new design criteria.

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Problem Identification

• The way to identify a problem is first of all
  understand your position, i.e. What is your role
  play.

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Problem Identification

• You have to decipher the problem(s) behind the
  stated problem instead of the mentioned statement
  itself.

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Problem Identification

• Under careful examination, the problem can be
  elaborated by various means.

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Problem Identification

• Logical thinking
• Linguistic analysis
• Mind map and concept map
• Questioning
• Interpretation
• Semiotic ..

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Problem Identification

• Demonstration
• Is there any problem you would like me trying to
  identify?

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Thank You