Rites and Festivals

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Rites and Festivals

• Holidays Times for Communal Involvement

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Rites
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Male Circumcision

• Circumcision of the male child at 8 days. The
  whole community celebrates.

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Bar Mitzvah

• Bar Mitzvah (Bas Mitzvah girl) boy reaches 13
  years of age demonstrates acceptance of Covenant

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Marriage

• Jewish marriages are very important. Judaism,
  like many other religions, is matrilineal.

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Burial

• For Jews the dead need to be respected and the
  living need to move on. There are 4 to 5 periods
  of mourning.

• Aninut
• Shivah
• Shloshim
• The First Year
• Keeping Memory Alive

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Festivals
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Pesach

• Pesach (Passover) deliverance from Egypt

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Shavuot

• Shavuot (Pentecost) harvest and Torah. Moses
  received the Torah.

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Sukkot

• Sukkot (tabernacles) Fall Festival. This
  commemorates the Jews wandering in the wilderness.

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Feast of Purim

• Purim (deliverance from the Persian Empire). The
  Queen Esther story.

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Rosh Hashana

• Rosh Hashana (New Year)

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Yom Hakippurim

• Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement)

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Hanukkah

• Hanukkah (victory over the Syrians in 165 BCE)

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Remembering

• Yom Hashoa A time to remember those who died in
  the Holocaust.

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Period 2

• Part 2

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Changes (Period 2 - Part 2)

• Everything must change

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JudaismGods Promise
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Jewish Beliefs
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Jewish Belief

• There is no official Jewish creed--however,
  there are some basic ideas.
• Belief in God. God is one, formless,
  all-knowing, and eternal. God is master of the
  universe as its creator and judge. God is both
  loving and just.
• Belief in the words of the prophets.

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Jewish Belief

• Belief that God gave the law to Moses.
• Belief that the Messiah, the savior to be sent by
  God, will come some day.
• Belief that there will be a resurrection of the
  good in the world to come.

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Changes in notions(Period 2 - Part 2)

• Although the Messiah is the one who will come was
  literally expected it is no longer interpreted
  literally.
• Along immortality of a literal nature has often
  been expounded many now emphasize the kind of
  immortality which comes through ones offspring,
  acting virtuously in this world or leaving behind
  charitable contribution.

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Notions

• Humans have a special role because they are
  created in the image of God and they have the
  ability to speak, to reason, to will, to create
  and to care.
• They have the ability to demonstrate divine
  characteristics to the world.

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Divisions within Judaism
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Divisions within Judaism

• Cultural Based
• Observance Based

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Cultural Based

• Sephardim
• Ashkenazim
• Falashas, Ethiopian Jews

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Cultural Based

• Sephardim
• These are Jews who lived in medieval Spain until
  they were expelled in 1492. Those who refused to
  become Christians moved to North Africa, Italy
  and Turkey.

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Cultural Based

• Ashkenazim
• A Yiddish-speaking group of Jews who settled in
  central and northern Europe. The term in Hebrew
  referred to Germany.

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Cultural Based

• Falashas
• These are Ethiopian Jews who continue to
  practice sacrifices in their temples. Israelis
  recognized them publicly as Jews by airlifting
  many of them to Israel. However, some do not
  think that they have been completely accepted by
  the some of the Jewish community.

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Observance Based

• Orthodox Judaism
• Conservative Judaism
• Reform Judaism
• Reconstructionist Judaism

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The Four Branches of Judaism
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Orthodox

• Orthodox Judaism
• it came into existence after the Reform began.
• A branch of Judaism committed to retaining
  traditional practice and belief.
• They are hesitant about discarding any
  traditional practices.

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Orthodox

• Among the things that they believe are
• In synagogues women are separate from men
• There must be a quorum of men for service to
  begin
• Only men celebrate the coming of age (bar mitzvah)

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Orthodox

• Males keep their heads covered
• Social roles are strictly separate (trad.
  Men/Women)
• Orthodox household keep strict rules about diet.

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Conservative

• Frankel Solomon Schchter was an early leader of
  this branch.
• The Reform movement was too radical.
• The Torah and the Talmud must be followed.
• Practices can vary from synagogue to synagogue.
• Most of the worship service is in Hebrew.

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Conservative

• Males wear head coverings (yarmulkes or kippot)
• Members are encouraged to observe kashruth,
  kosher food laws, Shabbat and holidays.
• Change is accepted but with much study and
  discussion and carefully weighing all traditions.

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Reform Judaism

• David Einhorn and Isaac Mayer Wise inspired this
  movement in the US.
• The Torah has moral authority but ceremonial and
  dietary laws are no longer binding.
• A need for a Jewish homeland was recognized.

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• An emphasis is placed on religious practice,
  observing the Sabbath, and keeping the holidays.
• Most of the services are in English and males are
  not required to wear coverings.
• Men and women can sit together
• Women can be ordained as Rabbis.

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Reform Judaism

• Reform Judaism advocated religious tolerance,
  Judaism could be combined with secular culture
  and embraced many of the ideas of the European
  Enlightenment.

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More Reform

• Reform synagogue has women and men sitting
  together, services are conducted in both Hebrew
  and the native tongue, there are choirs and use
  of organ.
• Traditional ways of dressing are dropped.
• The idea is to totally modernize Judaism to be
  able to survive contemporary cultures.

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Reconstructionist Judaism

• Founded by Mordecai Kaplan.
• Individuals in this form are introduced to
  traditional Judaism but are allowed to
  individually interpret elements.

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• Such things as angels, prophecy, revealed law,
  and the messiah are taken as symbols.
• God is seen as the power which makes me follow
  even higher ideals.
• Judaism is seen as a changing cultural force.

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The Holocaust

• The Genocide of a People

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The Holocaust

• Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany in 1933
  began a campaign to remove the Jews from Germany
  and eventually Europe. He believed that
• Jews were an inferior race.
• Jews were conspirators against Germany.
• Jewish blood poisoned Germany.

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The Holocaust

• He identified them and sent most of them to
  extermination camps where they were subjected to
  human experimentation among other things.
• They were divided into two groups--those who were
  strong enough to work and those who were not.

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The Holocaust

• First Hitler forcibly removed the Jews, stole
  their property and harassed them.
• Then he systematically destroyed the Jews.

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The Holocaust

• The rest were mostly--women, children, the sick
  and the elderly--were killed immediately.
• First they used guns but there were too
  many--they constructed gas chambers and
  crematoria.

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The Holocaust

• By the end of the war about 12 million people
  were killed and they were Jews, homosexuals,
  gypsies, Jehovahs Witnesses, prisoners of war
  and political enemies.
• About half of those killed were Jews,
  approximately 1/3rd of the Jewish population of
  the world.

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Zionism

• Creation of the State of Isreal

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Zionism

• Theodore Hertzel was the founder of the movement
  which advocated a Jewish home country.

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Creation of the State of Israel

• Three important steps
• Idea of a separate Jewish state, described in a
  book entitled The Jewish State.
• The Balfour Declaration of 1917 by the British
  government.
• After WWII in part because of the Nazi slaughter
  of the Jews the United Nations voted to divide
  the British portion of Palestine for the Jewish
  State.

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Sources

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