INTEGRATED SALMONELLA MANAGEMENT

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DINATEC DIVERSIFIED NUTRI-AGRI TECHNOLOGIES INC.,

PRESENTS
INTEGRATED SALMONELLA MANAGEMENT
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SALMONELLA OVERVIEW
Dr. D.E. Salmon, an American bacteriologist and
veterinarian, was first to isolate Salmonella in
1885.
Salmonella grow best at temperatures above 10o C
in environments with a pH range of 6-7.5.
Salmonella are facultative anaerobes classified
as genus three in the Family Enterobacteriaceae.
Salmonella is a food poisoning organism that,
under proper conditions, grows at extreme fast
rates often doubling populations within 15
minutes.
20 million people worldwide are infected yearly
by Salmonella resulting in approximately 500,000
deaths.
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SALMONELLA OVERVIEW
Non-pullorum salmonella serotypes, such as
typhimurium, enteritidis and heidelberg, are the
causative bacterial agents in most cases of
reported food poisoning.
In 1989, England and Wales reported 30,000 cases
with 61 deaths. About 45, 000 cases occur
annually in North America, but with a lower
mortality rate (Toman, 1990).
Economic losses due to salmonellosis in the USA
are estimated to be in excess of US1 billion and
possibly as much as 4 billion largely as the
consequence of lost wages, cost of medical
treatment and decreased productivity (St. Louis
et al., 1988).
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Salmonella enteritidis
Common Symptoms
In most cases poultry eggs are the culprit.
Illness lasts 4 to 7 days, most persons recover
without antibiotic treatment.
In some cases, diarrhea can be very severe enough
to require hospitalization.
The elderly, infants, and those with impaired
immune systems may be affected severely. In
these patients, the infection may spread from the
intestines to the blood stream, and then to other
body sites and can cause death unless the person
is treated promptly with antibiotics.
Symptoms are usually fever, abdominal cramps, and
diarrhea beginning 12 to 72 hours after consuming
a contaminated food or beverage.
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Salmonella typhi
S. typhi is the causative agent for typhoid
fever in humans, the most severe type of
Salmonellosis .
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Salmonella typhimurium
Less severe forms of gastrointestinal illnesses
such as diarrhea are caused by many Salmonella
strains and are collectively known as
salmonellosis.
One such strain is S. typhimurium which is able
to invade the epithelial cells of the intestinal
tract, survives the intracellualr defense
mechanisms of the host cell, and multiplies.
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MOVIE GOES HERE
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SOURCES OF SALMONELLA AT THE POULTRY FARM
FEED
RODENTS, CATS DOGS
WATER
POULTRY FLOCK
DAY OLD CHIKS
BROUGHT IN CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT
BEDDING MATERIAL
VERMIN/ WILD BIRDS
PEOPLE
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TWO FOLD APPROACH
I. Management Preventive Factors
II. Chemical Treatment Considerations
THEY FIT WELL TOGETHER
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APPROACH I
I. MANAGEMENT PREVENTION FACTORS
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PURCHASING PRACTICES

• Use reliable suppliers (GMP)

• Use suppliers who adhere to industry guidelines
  published in by the U.S. Department of
  Agriculture for poultry animal and fish products.

• Visit and observe the operations of suppliers.

• Approve as suppliers only those firms who follow
  good practices and can routinely provide
  Salmonella-negative ingredients

• Add DINASAL Liquid to purchased meat meals, fish
  meals and soybean meals at a minimum dose level
  of 2 kg per metric ton.

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INGREDIENT GUIDELEINES

• Purchase ingredients only from approved
  suppliers.

• Transport ingredients in vehicles that are
  clean, dry, and free from conditions conducive
  to Salmonella contamination.

• While en route and at all other times, keep
  ingredients dry and protected from insects,
  birds, rodents and other animals.

• Upon arrival Inspect incoming ingredients for
  evidence of water damage and for signs of fecal
  contamination by insects, birds, rodents, or
  other animals.

• Reject questionable material.

• Follow a program of periodic laboratory testing
  of ingredients to monitor for the presence of
  Salmonella.

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GUIDELINES FOR PLANT PREMISES
 Keep premises clean. Follow good housekeeping
and good sanitation practices. Continually
maintain control in and around the plant premises
. Prevent insects, birds, rodents, and other
animals from gaining access to or remaining in
the feed mill.
. Keep areas within and around the mill free from
refuse and trash.
. Store unused equipment in a manner to
discourage infestation.
. Keep the grounds surrounding the mill well
drained and free of unnecessary or undesirable
vegetation, such as weeds and high grass.
. Avoid unnecessary foot traffic from outside
sources in all mill areas. Salmonella may be
carried on the feet.
 . Pay particular attention to foot traffic from
such areas as barns, stock pens, and stock
trucks to all mill areas. This includes
employees who care for or raise livestock or
poultry.
 . Provide for sanitizing of footgear. DINATEC
recommends the use of Dinaxine, our stabilized
Chlorine Dioxide Solution at 10 ppm for footwear
disinfecting pans.
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GUIDELINES FOR EMPLOYEE FACILITIES

• Salmonella organisms can be carried on
  clothing, shoes, or person.

• Provide adequate facilities for washing,
  showering, and dressing .

• Instruct and train employees to maintain a high
  degree of cleanliness of self and work clothing.

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GUIDELINES FOR PROCESSING AND STORAGE AREAS

• Avoid accumulations of dust, spillage, and
  broken bags. Dispose of any material suspected
  of having become contaminated with Salmonella as
  waste unless analysis is negative for
  Salmonella.

• Dispose any wet material as waste.

• Separate ingredients and finished feeds in the
  storage area. Prevent air contamination by dust
  circulating from raw ingredient areas to
  processed material areas.

• Keep portable equipment used for handling
  ingredients separate from that used for finished
  feeds. Segregate dirty areas from clean areas.

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GUIDELINES FOR PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

• Construct bins, blenders, mixers, conveyors, and
  baggers to minimize buildup or caking of
  material and to provide access for inspection
  and cleaning.

• Avoid accumulations and excessive buildup of
  feed materials.

• Clean magnets at regular intervals to prevent
  feed materials from building up at these points.

• Inspect equipment at regular intervals

• Clean equipment regularly to remove
  accumulations of material.

• Construct and install all processing and
  handling equipment in a manner to minimize
  leakage, spillage and dust accumulation.

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GUIDELINES FOR PACKAGING, STORAGE AND
TRANSPORTATION

• Do not reuse previously used bags or containers
  for packaging. New bags are generally
  considered to be free of Salmonella
  contamination.

• Make a continuing effort to minimize storage
  time of ingredients and finished feeds.

• Insure that equipment used to transport
  ingredients and finished feeds be clean, dry,
  and free of conditions conducive to Salmonella
  contamination.

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GUIDELINES FOR DUST CONTROL

• Provide adequate air filtration equipment for
  the pellet cooler.

• Draw air from a clean area inside or outside the
  mill to prevent recontamination.

• Periodically control and remove accumulated dust
  that settles in processing and storage areas.

• Install a proper dust collector system to
  control dust and to aid in keeping the mill
  clean.

• Periodically remove settled dust with a vacuum
  cleaner equipped with a highly efficient filter
  rather than sweeping.

• Avoid using compressed air to remove dust from
  equipment or from clothing of personnel.

• Destroy accumulation from the dust-collector
  system and "sweepings.

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GUIDELINES FOR AIR CONTROL
 Avoid contamination of ingredients and finished
feeds via airborne organisms

• Do not draw air into the mill from areas likely
  to be contaminated.

• Pay special attention to intake for air used
  for cooling of pelleted or extruded products.
  These products will normally be Salmonella
  negative as a result of the temperatures and
  pressures involved in these processes.

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GUIDELINES FOR MOISTURE CONTROL
Salmonella require moisture to multiply.

• Keep feed materials dry at all times.

• Keep roofs and ceilings leak-proof.

• Construct storage-area walls and floors in such
  a manner as to keep out moisture.

• Avoid or correct conditions conducive to the
  formation of condensation in buildings and
  equipment. Poorly insulated pipes in the
  receiving area of the feed mill can result in
  condensation which will contribute to the spread
  of bacteria

• Keep ingredients, finished products, containers,
  storage areas, and transporting vehicles as dry
  as possible will prevent growth of Salmonella.

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GUIDELINES FOR PROCESS CONTROL -
PELLETING   Temperatures reached in pelleting are
critical in Salmonella control. A few seconds at
180 degrees F or twenty minutes at 165 degrees F
will usually kill Salmonella organism. While
these may be the target or intended temperatures,
they may not be reached at the beginning of the
process. For this reason, it may be necessary to
recycle the first material coming through the
system. Pellet mill must be carefully monitored
to insure proper operation with respect to
temperature.
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GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Results of laboratory examinations indicate
adequacy of purchasing, handling, processing, and
storage practices in procuring and producing
Salmonella-negative products.

• Secure samples of ingredients upon arrival at
  the mill and of finished feeds at time of
  shipment.

• Routinely subject samples to appropriate
  physical examination for overall quality and
  condition.

• Employ aseptic techniques in securing and in
  handling samples of ingredients and finished
  feeds that are to be analyzed.

• Use sanitized equipment and sanitize equipment
  between samples. Periodically submit
  representative samples of ingredients and
  finished feeds for laboratory examination.

• When sampling a previously loaded vehicle or
  material in storage, take a tablespoon or more
  from each of 10 different locations.

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GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
This sampling and analysis plan can be used as a
guide or starting point for the establishment of
a quality control monitoring program for
Salmonella

• Consider potential incidence and level of
  contamination, composition, form, and the
  various treatments to which the material has
  been subjected.

• Total sample should weigh about half a pound.

• Bulk shipments- Sample at varying intervals of
  time as material is unloaded or loaded

• Packaged material- Take minimum 1 tablespoonful
  from each 20th 100-pound bag or each 40th
  50-pound bag.

• Categorize product as to whether it is
  homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature.

• Place samples in a new or clean, secure sterile
  container.

• Label and identify container and mail
  immediately to the laboratory.

Salmonella-negative ingredients and finished
feeds are defined as those in which Salmonella is
not detected when sampled and analyzed by the
procedures outlined in these guidelines. No
sampling plan will fit everyone's or every
product's requirements.
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CRITERIA FOR LABORATORY SELECTIONS
Analysis for Salmonella is a procedure normally
requiring use of a commercial laboratory.
Selection of a competent laboratory is essential
for confidence in the results.
. Use FDA or AOAC recognized procedure.
. Allow no variations to the recognized
procedure.
. Utilize positive/negative controls.
. Confirm tests by using alternate tests
. Specify sample size assayed (100 grams
recommended).
. Use a check sample program for validation.
. Retain samples for a specified period of time.
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LABORATORY METHOD Currently preferred method is
that recommended by the Food and Drug
Administration's (FDA) Center for Veterinary
Medicine for isolating and identifying Salmonella
in rendered products. Published in the
Bacteriological Analytical of Official Analytical
Chemists (AOAC). It is often referred to as the
BAM method. The method can be obtained from FDA,
AOAC, or AFIA. The respective addresses are as
follows  Food and Drug Administration, 5600
Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland
20857  Association of Official Analytical
Chemists, 1111 N. 19th Street, Arlington,
Virginia 22209  American Feed Industry
Association, Suite 1200, 1701 Ft. Myer Drive,
Arlington, Virginia 22209
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CHEMICAL TREATMENT APPROACH II
DINATEC RECOMMENDS THE PRUDENT USE OF A CHEMICAL
TREATMENT PROGRAM IN CONJUNCTION WITH A JUDICIOUS
APPLICATION OF THE MANAGEMENT PREVENTION
GUIDELINES
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INTEGRATED SALMONELLA MANAGEMENT
Systematic Chemical Treatment Approach
DINASAL Inhibition in Raw Materials (DINASAL
Liquid) and in Finished feeds (DINASAL Dry)
DINAXINE Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide in drinking
water and in processing plant chiller water
DINAMUNE Cellular Immune/stimulation
DINAFERM Aglutination
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USAGE CHART I.S.M.BROILER
DAY 42
DAY21
DAY 3
DINASAL 3.0 KG/MT
DINAFERM 500 GR/MT
DINAMUNE 500 GR/MT
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SPECIFICATION BY PRODUCT

• DINASAL

• DINAXINE

• DINAFERM

• DINAMUNE

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PASSIVE IMMUNITY
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TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
NATURALLY ACQUIRED
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
ACTIVE Antigens enter the body naturally body
produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
PASSIVE Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via
placenta or to neonatal in her milk
ACTIVE Antigens are introduced in vaccines body
produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
Previously produced Passive antibodies
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Dinaxine
A stabilized form of chlorine dioxide with the
major advantages of being

• Odorless

• Tasteless

• Non corrosive

Can be added to drinking water and atomized in
site with no toxic effects for poultry and all
livestock
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MODE OF ACTION
Dinaxines active ingredient, stabilized chlorine
dioxide, completely disintegrates, (Oxidizes),
the bacterial cell wall so that organism is never
able to create selective immunity
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Dinaxine
Salmonella
Reliable test results indicate that the
disinfectant, Dinaxine is capable of producing a
97 to 98 percent kill of the test organism,
(Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028) in minimal
salts broth at a concentration of 10 ppm in one
hour and a 100 percent kill at a concentration
of 50 ppm in 45 minutes.
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DINASAL
Highly efficacious Salmonella inhibition
technology from
DIVERSIFIED NUTRI_AGRI TECHNOLOGIES Inc., DINATEC
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MODE OF ACTION
DINASAL
Hits the target everytime
Through its unique blend of highly effective
active ingredients and surfactants which empower
it to easily penetrate the bacterial cell wall
membrane into the cytoplasm. The ensuing
breakdown into anions and cations results in
rapid acidification of the cytoplasm interfering
with DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis and various
other intercellular functions which will kill the
Salmonella organism.
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DINASAL
Will not interfere with the animals physiology or
immune system in any way
Will not interfere with vaccination programs
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Dr. Richard Miles,
Head of Nutrition Department,
University of Florida. Phone [phone]
I have had extensive involvement in work with
probiotics and dealing with the immune system for
poultry. I have never heard that any formaldehyde
based product used in feed as approved by AFFCO
guidelines has had any effect of
immunosuppression or interference with
vaccination programs. Furthermore formaldehyde
solutions are used at much higher risk level with
1 day old chicks in the hatchery without
observable detrimental effects. At this time
there are no available studies known that confirm
or deny such a statement September 15, 2000
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Dr. Nelson Cox, Microbiologist, Fellow, American
Academy of Microbiology, USDA, Agricultural
Research Services, Poultry Microbiological
Research Unit, Russell Research Center, Atlanta,
GA
I am involved in extensive research in the field
of Salmonella control. I have not heard of any
immunosuppressive effects of formaldehyde based
feed additives for use in poultry as per AFFCO
guidelines for the control of Salmonella. I do
not know of, nor have I conducted any research
that would affirm or disclaim the above.
September 15, 2000
Phone number [phone],
E mail address
ncox_at_saa.ars.usda.gov
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Dr. Ruud G. Hein, Akso Nobel, Intervet Inc.
Director Scientific Affairs and Services,
Poultry/ Aquaculture Business
Unit,
To my knowledge, I have never heard or observed
of an immunosuppressive effect of any feed
additive on chickens
Dated September 15, 2000
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Frank T. Jones, Ph.D.University of
ArkansasCenter of Excellence for Poultry Science
Dear Dr. Moreira .I was surprised to learn of
that formaldehyde based feed additives are
reported to have caused immune suppression and
vaccine interference.  While I suppose it is not
impossible, I have heard no reports of this
effect in this country and I have seen no
scientific studies to suggest that such an effect
exists.  Indeed, since formaldehyde has been
around for many years, it appears to me that such
an effect would have been observed and reported
at some point in time.  Formaldehyde was used for
many years in hatcheries and still is used in
some hatcheries here.  If such an effect exists
in feed, it would seem to me that we would have
seen a similar effect during the use of
formaldehyde in hatcheries.
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Frank T. Jones, Ph.D.University of
ArkansasCenter of Excellence for Poultry Science
It appears to me that immune competency in U. S.
birds would have improved as formaldehyde usage
became less.  However, we have seen no such
effect.  Furthermore, there are many, many
primary breeder flocks being fed formaldehyde
treated feed in this country.  It seems to me
that since these primary breeder birds are
extremely valuable and are monitored for nearly
everything (including immunity), if such an
effect existed, we should have observed it here. 
However, I have heard no field reports of this
effect in this country..
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BRIEF DISCUSSION CONCLUSION
The preceding are some of the top experts in the
field and Salmonella control in the United
States. It is evident that if such a condition as
immune suppression existed through the use of
formaldehyde based Salmonella control feed
additives they would know it. It is therefore a
safe assumption that since this problem has never
been reported in any scientific literature, nor
has there been any interest in conducting
research on the matter, the purported statement
has no factual basis.
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Sources of Contamination and DINASAL action
 
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DINASAL
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DINASAL Trial Data  Feed Naturally infected
Layers Meal Organisms testedSalmonella spp.,
Products DINASAL, Control
 
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COMMENTS 
ltDINASAL at 4 kg/ton kills are naturally
occurring salmonella organisms in 48 hours
ltDINASAL kills over 99 of salmonella species in
24 hours
ltDINASAL continues to work effectively after 24
hours to help prevent recontamination
ltDINASAL eliminates salmonella from the finished
feed
Mix DINASAL with 3-4 tons of corn or rice hulls
at the rate of 40 kg per ton and run through
entire mill system in order to disinfect circuits.
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DINAMUNE
INMUNOESTIMULANT
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DINAMUNE

• Incorporates a 1-3 link 100 natural Beta Glucan
  derivative as one of the most important active
  ingredients. This Beta Glucan is derived from the
  cell walls of the yeast known as S. cerevisiae.

• Use is indicated whenever there is a diminished
  immune system. This condition may be aggravated
  by the hosts succeptability to contagious viral
  or bacterial deseases and by the presence of
  certain types of immunosuppresant agents such as
  many types of mycotoxins.

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DINAMUNEMODE OF ACTION

• Beta Glucans are able to activate macrophages or
  macrophage like cells within the
  reticuloendothelial system by stimulating a
  specific receptor site on the macrophage.
  Macrophages are able to trap and engulf foreign
  substances. This event will initiate a cascade of
  immunological events that will result in the
  stimulation and strenghtening of the overall
  immune system alerting it and mobilizing it in a
  specific sequence. The result is the creation of
  an immunological bank or reserve that will offer
  continued protection to the host organism and
  help it to ward off desease.

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DINAMUNEMODE OF ACTION
This illustration depicts the initial reaction in
cell mediated immunity. The macrophage has
processed an antigen and has inserted it into its
cell membrane. It then presents the antigen to
helper T cells in conjunction with the proper
histocompatability antigen which causes the
latter to become activated in the immunological
cascade cycle. The activated T helper cells will
then in turn activate cytotoxic T and B cells
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DINAMUNEASSIMILATION IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

• The digestive tract is lined with entherones and
  entherocytes. These organisms produce a sticky
  filamentous material that is called Glycocalix.
  There are two types of receptors bound to this
  Glycocalix. One such receptor is highly specific
  and will adhere to long chain type molecules
  engulfing them and pulling them towards the
  interior area of the cellular walls in the
  digestive system. This is one of the ways that
  DINAMUNE works. The process wherein this is
  accomplished is called Pinocytosis or Endocytosis.

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DINAMUNEBETA-GLUCAN

• Powerfull Immunological Stimulant.

• Has Anti-oxidant effects.

• Aids in the regeneration and repair of organic
  tissue.

• Has antineoplastic effects.

• Has adjuvant characteristics with antibiotics,
  vaccines,anti-parasites and mycotoxin adsorbants
  and mold inhibitors.

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DINAMUNEBETA-GLUCAN

• Will not over stimulate the immune system nor
  will it elicit an anti-immune response.

• Will not interfere with other medication being
  concurrently administered.

• Very easy to apply

• 100 safe and nontoxic.

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DINAMUNEASIMILATION IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

• Polysacharides are transported through the inner
  lining of the lateral intestinal walls towards
  the lymphatic system and from there into the
  blood stream.

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DINAMUNEAVIAN LYMPHOID SYSTEM
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DINAFERM
I.M.M.
BIOAGLUTINATION
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MODE OF ACTION
I.M.M.
Depends on animal species, type of diet and stage
of lactation.
For Ruminants
Studies show increase in total number of
anaerobic microorganisms, including cellulolytic
(fiber digesting) and lactate-utilizing bacteria,
in the rumen.
Production of B-vitamins, proteins and other
nutrients used by beneficial intestinal microbes
for growth.
Utilization of oxygen in rumen improves growth of
strictly anaerobic bacteria.
Oxygen inhibits adhesion of cellulolytic bacteria
to fiber. Dinaferm improves rate of fiber
digestion by increasing cellulolytics thereby
stimulating feed intake and production.
Increase in lactate-utilizing bacteria and
subsequent decrease in lactate levels in the
rumen of animals fed Dinaferm stabilize rumen
pH, which leads to increased numbers of
cellulolytics. Important when feeding high
concentrate rations where rumen pH can drop to
acidosis levels.
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MODE OF ACTION
I.M.M.
For Ruminants
Increase in total rumen bacteria is associated
with
Increased ammonia uptake
Increased levels of microbial protein leaving the
rumen and subsequent increased supply of amino
acids to the small intestine.
Microbial protein supplements the duodenal
protein and boosts milk production in early
lactating cows.
Research indicates response is greater when ratio
of concentrate to forage is higher and fed during
late dry or early lactation phase.
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MODE OF ACTION
I.M.M.
For Poultry, swine and horses
Poultry swine and horses have shown positive
response. Improvements in productivity are
consistent.
Broiler chickens show a 7-8 improvement in
growth as substantiated by research in the
supplementation of S. cerevisiae based diets to
broilers.
Research also indicates Dinaferm's ability to
help bind 100 of the Aflatoxin content in feed
and more than 40 of T-2 as well as DAS.
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References
I.M.M.
Stanley,V.G., Ojo,R., Woldesenbet,S., Hutchinson,
D.H., and L.F Kubena, 1993. The use of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae to suppress the effects
of aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks.Poultry Sci.
721867-1872.   Stanley,V.G., Hutchingson,D.M.,
Reine,A.H., Corrier,D., and A.A. Hinton,Jr, 1992.
Magnesium sulfate effects on coliform bacteria
reduction in the intestines, ceca, and carcasses
of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 7176-80.
  Pearson,S.A., Stanley,V.G., Reine,A.H.,
Huff,W.E., Kubena, L.F., and R.B Harvey, 1990.
Single and combination effects of administering
salinomycin and aflatoxin to broiler chicks.
Poultry Sci. 69849-851.
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DINAFERM

• Is an active yeast supplement.

• The active yeast will be Saccharomyces
  cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae (Sc), commonly known as
  baker's or brewer's yeast, is one of more than
  500 distinct species of yeast. The (Sc) cell is
  approximately 1/10,000 of an inch in length and
  like the human cell possesses a nucleus, with
  chromosomes and nucleoli, separated from the
  cytoplasm by a membrane.

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DINAFERM

• Is a Source of B-vitamins, protein and other
  essential nutrients.

• Has antioxidant enzymes.

• Agglutinates Mycotoxins and pathogenic agents (
  Salmonellas ).

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Field Test Results from Egypt
No negative control groups used. Efficacy is that
over Zinc Bacitracin treatment
Results dated September 14, 2000
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Field Test Results from Egypt
No negative control groups used. Efficacy is that
over Zinc Bacitracin treatment
Results dated September 14, 2000
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DINAFERM
SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE YEAST
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USAGE CHART I.S.M.BROILER
DAY 42
DAY21
DAY 3
DINASAL 3.0 KG/MT
DINAFERM 500 GR/MT
DINAMUNE 500 GR/MT
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INTEGRATED SALMONELLOSIS MANAGEMENT
DINATEC DIVERSIFIED NUTRI_AGRI TECHNOLOGIES INC.,