Solid Waste Management and Disposal

1
Solid Waste Management and Disposal

• Chapter 18

2
Kinds of Solid Waste

• ___________ is generally made of objects or
  particles that accumulate ___________where they
  are produced.
• Typically categorized by the ____________
  responsible for producing them.
• Mining Wastes
• Waste Material ____________
• Milling Tailings
• Waste or Tailings __________
• Agricultural Waste
• Includes _____________________as well as crop and
  tree ___________.
• 90 is used as ___________ or other forms of soil
  enhancement.

3
Kinds of Solid Waste

• Industrial Solid Waste - Solid waste other than
  mining.
• Estimated 180-540 million tons annually.
• ____________ Waste
• Sludge
• Combustion _____
• Municipal Solid Waste
• All the materials ________________________________
  _.
• 230 million tons annually.
• In modern society, many products are discarded
  when they are broken or worn out, while others
  _______________________.
• Those that have only temporary uses make up the
  majority of solid waste.
• Unites States produces about _______________of
  municipal solid waste annually.
• Equates to 2 kg of trash person / day.
• Per capita waste has increased 70 since 1960.

4
Municipal Solid Waste

• In modern society, many products are discarded
  when they are broken or worn out, while others
  only have a temporary use.
• Those that have only temporary uses make up the
  majority of solid waste.
• Unites States produces about 230 million tons of
  municipal solid waste annually.
• Equates to 2 kg of trash person / day.
• Per capita waste has increased _______________.

5
Waste Generation and Lifestyle

• Nations with a _____________________ tend to
  produce more municipal solid waste per person
  than less-developed countries.
• Large metropolitan areas have the greatest
  difficulty dealing with solid waste.
• Traditional Methods (__________________) no
  longer accepted.

6
Methods of Waste Disposal

• Landfills
• Municipal solid waste landfill typically a
  ____________________________, lined with
  impermeable membrane.
• Each days deposit of fresh garbage is
  ____________________to prevent it from blowing
  around and to discourage animal scavengers.
• Traditionally been primary method of waste
  disposal.
• Cheap and Convenient

7
Landfills

• New landfills have ________________to trap
  contaminant-laden __________.
• Monitoring systems are necessary to detect
  _________production and _______________________.
• In some cases, methane collected and used to
  _________________.
• Currently cost up to 1 million per hectare to
  prepare.

8
Modern Landfill
9
Landfills

• Number of landfills is __________.
• Many small landfills ____________
• __________
• Capacity has been reached.
• New landfills often resisted due to
  __________________________________________________
  ______________
• Politicians are often unwilling to take strong
  positions that might alienate constituents.

10
Reducing the Number of Landfills
11
Incineration

• Currently, about 15 of U.S. municipal solid
  waste is _________.
• Production of __________ partially offsets
  disposal ________.
• Most incinerators burn unprocessed municipal
  solid waste.
• Mass Burn

12
Incineration

• Incinerators ______________the amount of
  municipal waste.
• Up to 90 by volume and 75 by weight.
• Primary risks of incineration________________
• ________________________________________________
• Even with modern pollution controls, small
  amounts of pollutants still released into
  environment
• ________________________for new incinerators are
  also major concerns facing many communities.
• Construction costs in North America in 2000
  ranged from __________________.
• U.S. EPA has not looked favorably on construction
  of new waste-to-energy facilities.
• Encouraged ______________________as more
  effective solutions to deal with solid waste.

13
Producing Mulch and Compost

• Mulch is ____________used to protect areas where
  the soil is disturbed, or to control growth of
  unwanted vegetation.
• Organic material _____________________into
  smaller pieces.
• Composting is using ______________________
• _____________________________(humus-like
  product).
• With proper management of air and water,
  composting can __________________over a short
  period of time.
• About 3,800 composting facilities currently in
  use in the United States.

14
Diverting Waste Through Composting
15
Source Reduction

• Simplest way to reduce waste is to prevent it
  from ever becoming waste in the first place.
• Source reduction is the practice of
  ____________________
• ___________________________________so that the
  amount of waste or its toxicity is reduced.
• Design Changes
• Since 2-liter soft drink bottle introduced in
  1977, weight has been reduced by 25.
• Manufacturing Processes
• _______ waste, ________ efficiency.
• Purchasing Decisions
• Choose ____________and plan quantities
  accordingly.
• Reusing Items
• Delay or prevent entry of items into waste
  collection stream.

16
Recycling

• In the United States, recycling (including
  composting) diverted about 30 of solid waste
  stream from landfills and incinerators in 2001.
• Benefits
• Resource Conservation
• _________ Reduction
• Energy _________
• Job Creation
• __________for Landfills and Incinerators

17
Recycling
18
Recycling Programs

• Container Laws
• _______________on all reusable beverage
  containers.
• ______________would reduce litter, save energy
  and money, create jobs, and help conserve natural
  resources.
• Mandatory Recycling Laws
• Provide statutory incentive to recycle.

19
Recycling Programs

• Curbside Recycling
• 1990 - __________ U.S. cities had __________
  recycling programs.
• Grown to ________ cities by 2000.
• Cities with curbside recycling tend to have
  higher recycling rates than cities that lack such
  programs.

20
Recycling Concerns

• Plastics are recyclable, _______________
• ________________________.
• Milk Container
• High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
• Egg Container
• Polystyrene (PS)
• Soft-Drink Bottle
• Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate (PET)
• http//lifecycle.plasticsresource.com/

21
Increasing Amounts of Plastic in Trash
22
(No Transcript)