The Rwandan Genocide 100 Days of Slaughter April 6, 1994July 18, 1994

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The Rwandan Genocide100 Days of SlaughterApril
6, 1994-July 18, 1994

• Source David Simon, The Teaching of Africa,
  PIER, Yale University , July 11, 2005

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The Beginning

• Started with a plane crash (April 6, 1994)
• 2 Presidents killed
• Juvenal Habyarimana (Rwanda)
• Cyprian Ntayamira (Burundi)

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The beginning

• Hutu extremists are considered responsible for
  the crash
  
• President of Rwanda was about to sign a Peace
  Accord
  
• The extremists disapproved

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In Between

• Brutality period in between
• Genocide of the Tutsi population by the radical
  Hutu population
  

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The End

• Ended with a rebel victory
• Rwandan Patriotic Army chase out FAR (Tutsis)
• Genocide ended with their victory
• 800,000 people killed

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The killings begin

• The same night of the plane crash
• The Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) and Hutu militia
  begin killing Tutsis and Hutu moderates
  

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The killings begin

• Roadblocks set up to capture Tutsis and Hutu
  moderates
  
• Machetes are the weapon of choice for killings

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The role of the U.N.

• Forbidden to intervene
• Only allowed to monitor the situation

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The killing of Belgian soldiers

• 10 Belgian soldiers who work for the United
  Nations
  
• Guarding the Hutu prime minister at his home
• Hutu radicals kill him and the Belgian soldiers

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Defining Genocide

• The Question of Genocide
• Definition
• any of the following acts committed with intent
  to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
  ethnical, racial or religious group, as such
  
• (a) Killing members of the group
• (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to
  members of the group
  
• (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group
  conditions of life calculated to bring about its
  physical destruction in whole or in part
  
• (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births
  within the group
  
• (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group
  to another group.
  
• One or Two?
• Elimination of Tutsis was an explicit goal
• Massacres of Hutus not part of an elimination
  plan
  
• Or Zero? Are Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups?

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Hutu and Tutsi Differences

• Speak same language
• Same customs
• But..
• Tutsis had a history of having more power

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Causes Ethnic Conflict

• Historical Relations
• Colonial
• Germans and Belgians divided the 2 groups in
  1916
  
• Rigid boundaries
• ID cards
• Belgians gave the Tutsis superiority
• Why?

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Causes Ethnic Conflict

• Tutsi Superiority
• Better jobs
• More educational opportunities
• This leads to resentment by the Hutus.

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Causes Ethnic Conflict

• Hutu Revolt in 1959
• Hutu population begins to leave Rwanda for
  bordering countries

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Rwandan independence

• 1962 Belgians leave Rwanda
• Hutus still feel hostility towards Tutsis

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Economic Tensions

• Growth in 70s and 80s
• But dependent on
• Coffee
• Aid

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Pre-genocide

• UN Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR)
• Recommended about 10,000 soldiers (a.s.a.p.)
• Proposed 5200 starting 9/93
• Actual
• no one before 10/93
• minimal equipment before 1/94
• Maximum force of 2500 (in April 1994)

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During the genocide

• United Nations
• Ten Belgians killed immediately
• Forces (mostly) withdrawn, 4/20/94
• United States
• Denial
• Non-cooperation
• Africa
• No force to get involved

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The Aftermath

• ICTR
• First recognition of rape as an offense of
  genocide
  
• 60 indictments
• Rwandan courts
• 125,000 detainees
• 2000 cases handled after 4 years
• justice on the grass
• Countrywide
• Informal

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Why study Rwanda

• A unique case or all too common
• International politics
• Human interaction

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