ORAL CARE

1
ORAL CARE

• Zenaida B. Soriano,MS
• Senior ASEAN Expert
• Cosmetics

2
ORAL CARE PRODUCTS

1. Toothbrush
2. Dentifrice
3. Oral Rinses

3
ORAL ENVIRONMENT
4
ORAL ENVIRONMENT

• Teeth
• Gingiva / Mucosa
• Saliva
• Plaque
• Tartar
• Caries
• Periodontal Disease

5
ORAL ENVIRONMENTTEETH

• Enamel hard, white outer covering surrounding
  the crown of the tooth. Consists of inorganic
  substances, calcium and phosphate.
• Cementum thin, bone-like material covering the
  root. Also consists of inorganic substances.
• Dentin a yellow bone-line material under the
  enamel
• Provides support
• Forms bulk of tooth
• Composed of collagen (20) and calcium phosphate
  (75)
• Pulp soft tissue in the center of the crown and
  root
• Contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels
• Produces dentin
• Provides nourishment for tooth
• Functions as a sensory signal of injury
• Pellicle thin salivary film covering the tooth
  composed of proteins and lipids

6
Figure 1 Diagrammatic Sketch of the Tooth and
Periodontal Tissue

7
Figure 2 The Palatal Surface of the Upper Jaw

• A diagrammatic representation of palatal surface
  of the upper jaw, with a full complement of
  permanent teeth

8
Figure 3 The Maxillary Teeth

9
Figure 4 The Mandibular Teeth

10
Figure 5 The Deciduous Teeth
11
Figure 6 The Permanent Teeth
12
Table 1 Approximate Age of Tooth Eruption
13
ORAL ENVIRONMENTGINGIVA / MUCOSA

• Gingiva dense fibrous tissue surrounding necks
  of teeth
• Covered by a smooth mucous membrane which bleeds
  easily when penetrated
• Also called periodontal tissue or gums
• Oral mucosa mucous membrane lining the mouth
• Peridontium - attachment apparatus consisting of
• Gingiva
• Cementum
• Periodontal ligament
• Jawbone
• Oral mucosa

14
ORAL ENVIRONMENTSALIVA

• A complex fluid secreted by salivary glands
  containing water, mucin, proteins, salts and
  enzymes.
• Functions
• aids in digestion
• lubricates both hard and soft tissues
• buffers cariogenic acids
• forms the pellicle
• provides minerals for repairing enamel /
  cementum (remineralization)
• delivers antimicrobial agents (immunoglobulins,
  enzymes, etc.)

15
ORAL ENVIRONMENTPLAQUE

• Soft sticky, invisible film constantly forming
  in your mouth. Covers teeth and gums.
• Oral mucosa cells
• Saliva
• Bacteria
• Can be removed by brushing and flossing.
• Gram cocci Gram rods Gram
  anaerobes
• (healthy mouth) (gingivitis)
• Formation / progression influenced by
• Diet
• Host immune system
• Oral environment

16
Inhibition of Plaque Accumulation
17
ORAL ENVIRONMENTTARTAR

• Calcification (crystallization of minerals) on
  the surface of the tooth formed mainly in the
  presence of plaque.
• Rough surface promotes further growth of plaque
• Stains easily (yellow / brown)
• Most prevalent near salivary glands and around
  necks and roots of teeth
• Removed only by dentist
• Tartar Control Agents (Pyrophosphate)
• Acts as crystal poisons to stop formation
• Easily degraded by oral enzymes / stabilized by
  fluoride and Gantrez.

18
ORAL ENVIRONMENTCARIES

• A progressively destructive, infectious disease
  resulting in
• Demineralization of enamel / cementum
• Bacterial penetration to pulp
• Formation of macroscopic activity
• Caries promotion Caries reduction
• dietary carbohydrate increased salivary flow
• reduced salivary flow reduced plaque
• cariogenic bacteria fluoride

Sound enamel
plaque acid prod
saliva acid neutralization
mineral loss
mineral gain (fluoride)
Lesions
Cavity
19
COMPOSITION CHEMISTRY OF DENTIFRICES
20
COMPOSITION CHEMISTRY OF DENTIFRICES

• DENTIFRICE
• A dentifrice is a substance used with a
  toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the
  accessible surfaces of the teeth
  (American
  Dental Association)
• TOOTHPASTE
• Toothpaste is a colloidal suspension of a
  mixture of ingredients that must be carefully
  balanced in order to provide an efficacious,
  safe, and consumer friendly product

21
TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENTS

• Abrasive
• Binder
• Humectant
• Sweetener
• Flavor
• Surfactant
• Active Ingredients

22
ABRASIVE

• Function
• Cleaning and polishing
• Characteristics
• Solid, insoluble particles
• Abrasive
• Potential for fluoride interaction

23
ABRASIVE

• Types
• Silica
• Phosphate Salts ie Dical
• Carbonates ie Calcium Carbonate or Chalk
• Others

24
Radioactive Dentin Abrasion Method

• This procedure involves the use of accelerated
  toothbrushing apparatus and dentin section that
  contain radioactive phosphorous. The ADA standard
  was set at 100, which corresponds to RDA value of
  475.

25
Figure 7 In-vitro Abrasion Studies, RDA

• This photograph shows a two-brush model abrasion
  machine, which is used in in vitro dentifrice
  abrasion studies.

Source Stallard, Richard E. A Textbook of
Preventive Dentistry (Second Edition).
26
Comparative Abrasiveness of some Commercially
Available Dentifrices as Determined by a
Radioactive Dentin Procedure
Source Stallard, Richard E. A Textbook of
Preventive Dentistry (Second Edition).
27
BINDER

• Function
• Used to stabilize toothpaste formulations to
  prevent separation of the liquid and solid phases
• Characteristics
• Can be natural or synthetic

28
BINDER

• Types
• Natural Polymers
• Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
• Carrageenans
• Xanthan Gum
• Synthetic Polymers
• Others

29
HUMECTANT

• Function
• Used in toothpaste to prevent loss of water and
  subsequent hardening of the product upon exposure
  to air
• Characteristics
• Affect taste perception
• Proper usage level produce a clear translucent
• toothpaste

30
HUMECTANT

• Types
• Glycerine
• Sorbitol
• Polyethylene Glycol
• Xylitol
• Propylene Glycol

31
SWEETENER

• Types
• Sodium Saccharin
• Sodium Cyclamate
• Acesulfame K

32
SWEETENER

• Function
• An important part of toothpaste flavoring system
• Characteristics
• Government regulations
• Non-cariogenic

33
FLAVOR

• Function
• Improve taste of toothpaste
• Characteristics
• One of the most important factors for
  consumer
• A mixture of flavoring agents

34
FLAVOR

• Types
• Minty
• Fruity
• Medicinal
• Cinnamon

35
Oral products have a unique and specialized
flavor requirements. To be successful in oral
products, a flavor must

• Have a pleasant taste while brushing
• Leave a pleasant taste in your mouth after
  brushing
• Be compatible with the base

36

• All factors being roughly equal mouthfeel
  appearance, perceived therapeutic attributes,
  etc. the consumer will look to flavor as the
  determinant in selecting a product for use day
  after day and year after year.

37
SURFACTANT

• Function
• Produce foam and aid in the removal of debris
• Emulsifies flavoring agents
• Characteristics
• May react with other toothpaste components
• High level may cause mucosal irritation

38
SURFACTANT

• Types
• Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
• Sodium N-Lauroyl Sarcosinate
• Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate
• PEG Oil

39
FLUORIDE ACTIVES

• Function
• Increase resistance to enamel solubility
• Characteristics
• Regulated by Government
• Restricted usage level
• Soluble fluoride ion is essential for activity

40
FLUORIDE ACTIVES

• Types
• Sodium Fluoride NaF
• Sodium Monofluorophosphate MFP
• Stannous Fluoride SnF2

41
Anticaries Dentifrices FDA Tentative Final
Monograph
42
OTHER ACTIVES

• Tartar Polyphosphates
• Zinc Citrate
• Plaque / Gingivitis Triclosan
• SnF2
• Chlorhexidine
• Zinc Citrate
• Desensitizer Potassium Nitrate
• Whitening Calcium Peroxide
• Hydrogen Peroxide

43
TYPICAL COMPOSITION

• Ingredients Weight
• Humectants 60 20
• Water 0 50
• Binders 0 12
• Abrasive 18 50
• Flavor 0.5 2.0
• Sweetener 0.2 1.0
• Surfactant 0.5 2.0
• Fluoride 0.2 1.2

44
U.S. FORMULA COMPARISON
45
TOOTHPASTE CONSIDERATIONS

• Safety
• Efficacy
• Consumer Friendly
• Pleasing taste
• Ease of use
• Pleasing appearance

46
PRODUCT CRITERIA

• Minimum one year shelf life
• Easily dispensable
• Compatible with the package
• Efficacious
• Safe

47
MOUTHWASHES or ORAL RINSES
48
Ingredients of Dentifrices and Oral Rinses
49
Mouthwash Components
50
Thank You