Human Geography By James Rubenstein

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Human Geography By James Rubenstein

• Chapter 9
• Key Issue 1
• Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?

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• The world is divided between relatively rich and
  relatively poor countries.
• Geographers try to understand the reasons for
  this division and learn what can be done about it.

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More Developed Country (MDC)

• Also known as a relatively developed country or
  a developed country, a country that has
  progressed relatively far along a continuum of
  development.

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Less Developed Country (LDC)

• Also known as a developing country, a country
  that is at a relatively early stage in the
  process of economic development.

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Human Development Index (HDI)

• Indicator of level of development for each
  country, constructed by United Nations, combining
  income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

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Human Development Index
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Three Factors of Development

• Economic (Gross domestic product per capita)
• Social (Literacy rate and amount of education)
• Demographic (Life expectancy)

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Economic Indicators of Development
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Economic Indicators of Development

• Besides per capita GDP, 4 other economic factors
  distinguish MDCs from LDCs
• Economic structure,
• Worker productivity,
• Access to raw materials, and
• Availability of consumer goods.

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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

• The value of the total output of goods and
  services produced in a country in a given time
  period (normally a year).

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Per Capita GDP
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Gross National Product (GNP)

• Similar to GDP, except that it includes income
  that people earn abroad, such as a Canadian
  working in the United States.

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• The worlds lowest per capita GDP are found in
  sub-Sahara Africa, South Asia, and Southeast
  Asia.
• The gap in per capita GDP between MDCs and LDCs
  has been widening during the past quarter century.

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• Per capita GDP, or any other single indicator,
  cannot measure perfectly the level of a countrys
  development.
• Per capita GDP measures average (mean) wealth,
  not its distribution.

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Types of Jobs

• All jobs fall into one of three categories
• Primary (including agriculture),
• Secondary (including manufacturing), and
• Tertiary (including services).

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Primary Sector

• The portion of the economy concerned with the
  direct extraction of materials from Earths
  surface, generally through agriculture, although
  sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

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Secondary Sector

• The portion of the economy concerned with
  manufacturing useful products through processing,
  transforming, and assembling raw materials.

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Tertiary Sector

• The portion of the economy concerned with
  transportation, communications, and utilities,
  sometimes extended to the provision of all goods
  and services to people in exchange for payment.

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Quaternary Sector

• The portion of the economy concerned with
  business services, such as trade, insurance,
  banking, advertising, and wholesaling.

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Quinary Sector

• The portion of the economy concerned with health,
  education, research, government, retailing,
  tourism, and recreation.
• Current practice is to include quaternary and
  quinary sectors in the tertiary sector

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• The of people working in agriculture exceeds
  75 in many LDCs, compared to less than 5 in
  many MDCs.
• A high of agricultural workers in a country
  indicates that most of its people are spending
  their days producing food for their own survival.

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• Within MDCs, primary and secondary sector jobs
  have decreased.
• Decline in manufacturing jobs reflects greater
  efficiency inside the factories and increased
  global competition.

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Relationship between type of jobs and development
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Productivity

• The value of a particular product compared to the
  amount of labor needed to make it.
• Production in LDCs must rely more on human and
  animal power.

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Value Added

• The gross value of the product minus the costs of
  raw materials and energy.

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Raw Materials

• Development requires access to raw materials and
  energy.
• In Europe, countries took advantage of domestic
  coal and iron ore to promote industrial
  development throughout the 19th century.

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European Colonies

• Created to ensure adequate supply of raw
  materials.
• As colonies of Africa and Asia gained
  independence, they continued to supply the raw
  materials used in European industry.

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• As prices for raw materials decline due to global
  supply, LDCs have had difficulty achieving
  development.
• In a global economy, availability of raw
  materials and energy resources measures a
  countrys development potential rather than its
  actual development.

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Consumer Goods

• Important
• The wealth used to buy nonessentials promotes
  expansion of manufacturing, which in turn
  generates additional wealth in the society.

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• Quantity and type of goods and services is a good
  measure of the level of development.
• Particularly good indicators are motor vehicles,
  telephones, and televisions.
• The number of individuals per telephone and motor
  vehicles exceeds 100 in most LDCs.

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Telephone Lines per 1000 Persons
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• In LDCs, the minority who own consumer goods,
  such as telephones, motor vehicles, and
  televisions, are government officials,
  landowners, and other elites.
• As a result of greater exposure to cultural
  diversity, people in MDCs display different
  social characteristics from people in LDCs.

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Social Indicators of Development
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Social Indicators of Development

• MDCs use part of their greater wealth to provide
  schools, hospitals, and welfare services.
  Infants survive, and adults live longer. Well
  educated, healthy, and secure populations can be
  more economically productive.

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Education and Literacy

• The assumption no matter how poor the school,
  the longer the pupils attend, the more likely
  they are to learn.--
• The reality quality of education is measured by
  student/teacher ratio and literacy rate.

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Student/Teacher Ratio
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• The average pupil attends school for about 10
  years in MDCs, compared to only a couple of years
  in LDCs.
• LDCs must learn technical information from books
  that usually are not in their native language,
  but in English, German, Russian, or French.

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Literacy Rate

• The percentage of a countrys people who can read
  and write.
• It exceeds 95 in MDCs, compared to less than
  1/3rd in many LDCs.

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Health and Welfare

• When people get sick, MDCs possess the resources
  to care for them.
• In many wealthier countries, health care is a
  public service for little or no cost.
• The United States is an exception.

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Persons per Physician
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• People in MDCs receive more calories and proteins
  daily than they need.
• In LDCs of Africa and Asia, most people receive
  less than the daily minimum allowance of calories
  and proteins recommended by the United Nations.

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Daily Available Calories per Capita
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Demographic Indicators of Development
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Life Expectancy

• Babies born today can expect to live into their
  early forties in LDCs and mid-seventies in MDCs.
• Males live 9 years longer in MDCs than in LDCs.
• Females live 13 years longer.

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Infant Mortality Rate

• In LDCs, 90 of infants survive, while 99 of
  infants survive in MDCs.
• Babies die of malnutrition and dehydration from
  diarrhea.
• Some die from poor medical practices, such as
  umbilical cords cut with dirty knives.

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Crude Birth Rate

• Annual CBR exceeds 40 per 1000 in LDCs, while it
  is less than 15 per 1000 in MDCs.
• CBR does not indicate a societys level of
  development.
• The mortality rate for women in childbirth is
  significantly higher in LDCs.