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Human Geography Theme:

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Title: Human Geography Theme:


1
Inservice Course for Upper Secondary Teachers
  • Human Geography Theme
  • Development
  • Conducted by A/P Wong Tai-Chee

2
  • Objectives
  • Know the different meanings of Development
  • Understand the relationship
  • Between Modernization and Development
  • Between Globalization and Development
  • Between Urbanization and Development

3
  • Meanings of Development
  • 2 Major Considerations
  • a) Economic
  • b) Non-Economic

4
  • a) Economic development
  • International level
  • The extent of access and share to global wealth,
    tools and resources
  • Often expressed in terms of economic progress,
    modernization indicators (eg. Level of
    industrialization), improved levels of material
    production consumption
  • Disparity between nations
  • Advanced versus less advanced or
  • Developed versus developing or underdeveloped
  • North versus South
  • Individual countrys wealth output relies
    essentially on values of goods services
    generated and productivity levels
  • E.g, a country producing low-price commodities
    would remain poor, especially if labour is highly
    inefficient

5
  • National level
  • The extent to which resources of a country have
    been brought into productive use
  • Often reflected in GNP growth rates, per capital
    income, purchase power parity, nutritional
    levels, workforce features (distribution of
    primary, secondary, tertiary sectors), volumes of
    import/export
  • Disparity within a nation
  • Prosperous region/province versus lagging
    region/province
  • Urban/rural disparity (eg. 60 of manufacturing
    values are concentrated in Mexico City Region)

6
  • Economic Measures of Development
  • Gross National Income Per Capita Purchase Power
    Parity
  • Cautions
  • Many developing countries have substantial
    hidden sector (informal economies), depressing
    thus the aggregate performance
  • Welfare commitments vary between countries eg,
    nationals earning higher incomes may have to set
    aside more for health care, childrens education
    etc than those earning less but enjoying better
    welfare
  • Using purchase power parity for adjustment,
    nationals earning less in a developing country
    would actually earn higher than they
    statistically do due to lower cost of living,
    when compared with a high-cost country.

7
  • Energy Consumption
  • Common measure relating to per capital income,
    industrialization level, and use of advanced
    technology
  • Distribution of Economic Structure
  • National economic status is normally low when a
    high proportion of workforce is engaged in
    labour-intensive farming on small land parcels.
  • A more developed economy enjoys high proportions
    in services advanced industries
  • Calories and Nutrition
  • Minimum daily consumption specified by FAO of the
    United nations 2360 calories. An estimated 1/7
    of world pop. does not meet this requirement
  • Caution
  • Statistics do not reflect balance of diet,
    essential to health
  • too high intake of calories in developed world,
    esp. North America has led to obesity

8
  • Definition of Economic Development
  • Example
  • Pertaining to human-resource use relationship
  • The advancement of the management and use of
    natural resources to satisfy human needs and
    improve the quality of human life. For
    development to be sustainable it must take
    account of social and ecological factors, as well
    as economic ones, of the living and non-living
    resource base, and of the long-term and
    short-term advantages and disadvantages of
    alternative actions.
  • Source www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/g
    lossary/D.htm

9
  • b) Non-Economic
  • Education
  • Access to basic school education
  • 2/3 of adults in some poorest countries in Africa
    Asia are illiterate
  • Cultural
  • Training of various forms of arts, performances
    whether traditional or modern
  • Public Services
  • Access to safe drinking water, sanitary disposal
    of human waste
  • Basic infrastructure (electricity, access roads,
    public transport etc)

10
  • b) Non-Economic (contd)
  • Social/religious
  • Narrowing gaps between social groups
  • Community/voluntary services, promoting racial
    harmony
  • Religious, worship services
  • Health
  • Basic medical services, esp. rural clinics
  • Control of epidemics
  • Measuring Happiness
  • A controversial issue due to differing cultural
    backgrounds perceptions on what happiness is
  • Psychological satisfaction may also change for
    individuals/communities subject to external
    influences social value evolution

11
  • Definition of Non-Economic Development
  • Example
  • Pertaining to Educational/intelligence training
  • The process of physical growth and the attainment
    of intelligence and problem-solving ability that
    begins in infancy any interruption of this
    process by a disease or disorder is called
    developmental delay.
  • Source professionals.epilepsy.com/page/glossary.h
    tml

12
RelationshipBetween Modernization and
Development
13
  • What is Modernisation?
  • Modernisation is an agent which 'involves social
    mobilisation, the growth of a more effective and
    centralised apparatus of political and social
    control, the acceptance of scientifically
    rational norms and the transformation of social
    relations'.
  • (Johnston, R. J. and Gregory, D. 1981. The
    Dictionary of Human Geography. Blackwell, Oxford.
    P. 223)
  • It is a shift from an agriculture-based
    traditional society to an urban-based modern
    society, accompanied by new social norms or
    values, very much materialistic in nature, and a
    lifestyle with strong emphasis on consumption.

14
Modernization as a Process
  • Historical Approach
  • (in the context of colonized world)
  • Colonial Era (16th mid-20th century), Through
  • Colonization exploitation
  • Diffusion of ideas application of new
    techniques education from core to periphery
  • Division of labour, urban-industrial in the core
    against rural-agricultural in the periphery (with
    ports, service/administrative centres)

15
  • Post-Colonial (Post World War Two),
  • Through
  • Industrialization (import-substitution or
    export-oriented)
  • Heavy involvement of multinational corporations
    (MNCs) with FDIs
  • Highly selective nature of MNCs, leading to
    uneven development in global scale regional
    scale within nations
  • New international division of labour
  • Industrial shift from developed to developing
    world
  • Investment criteria based on comparative
    competitive advantages, potential
    domestic/regional markets

16
Relationship Between Globalization and Development
17
  • 3 broad strands of globalization affecting
    development
  • Economic
  • Cultural
  • Political

18
Economic impact
  • The Shrinking World
  • Time-space compression
  • Time required for movements over space has
    reduced drastically due to advanced technology
  • Cheaper affordable passenger flights cargo
    freights since the 1960s
  • The stronger the links between places, the
    cheaper and more frequent, effective the contacts
    are
  • Flights between Sydney Singapore (further
    apart) than between Christmas Island Sydney
    (closer in actual distance)
  • Large-scale construction of expressways worldwide

19
  • Global convergence is reflected by
  • Global shift in MNC investments to less developed
    world
  • Highly concentrated in labour-intensive,
    lower-cost industries
  • Limited industrialisation of recipient countries
    (setting up of export-processing zones (EPZ)
    duty-free enclave industrialisation)
  • In early 1990s in Mexico close to US territory,
    over 2,000 assembly manufacturing plants
    producing electronic products, textiles,
    furniture, leather goods, toys automobile parts

20
  • Global divergence is reflected by
  • Production system between places are diverse
  • Hierarchy of production control trade by MNCs
    in developing countries
  • Mass produced Fordist production-line systems in
    the newly industrialising economies (South
    Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia,
    Brazil, Thailand, Argentine, Mexico, China)
  • More flexible, specialised high-value
    production systems in advanced capitalist
    economies

21
Cultural Impact
  • Rising levels of shared beliefs, social
    organisations, material consumption
  • Cultural preference is facilitated by improved
    communications contacts
  • Global mass media broadcast (e.g, CNN reports of
    war events, disasters, famine, poverty etc)
  • Demonstration effects assimilation of North
    American European tastes consumption patterns
    in developing countries
  • Coca-colonisation
  • Hollywoodisation
  • McDonaldisation

22
Political Impact
  • Unequal Development
  • Despite rising uniformity in world production
    consumption patterns, there remain many
    differences between nations
  • Globalisation does not spread a global dimension.
    Competition between places for global capital
    makes the world more uneven.
  • Mass poverty is still predominant in many
    developing countries. The poor are caught in a
    vicious cycle of poverty (low income,
    malnutrition, high illiteracy, unemployment,
    rapid pop growth, little or no savings etc)

23
  • Contd
  • Dynamic change is more concentrated in the more
    wealthy developed nations
  • E.g, more telephone lines in New York-New Jersey
    metropolitan region than the whole of Africa
  • Low-income earners in Afghanistan may not have
    adequate life-long saving to purchase a US2,000
    computer.

24
  • Rising Interdependency between Nations
  • Post-World War II labour shortage in developed
    nations (1950s-1980s)
  • Economic recovery expansion of the European
    industries needed external support
  • Influx of workforce from Southern Europe to
    North-western Europe
  • Flow of labour from ex-colonies to the former
    colonial powers
  • Post-Cold War from1990s
  • Talents have a greater potential being accepted
    internationally
  • Strategic alliance etc

25
Relationship Between Urbanization and Development
26
  • An Overview
  • Rich countries
  • many central cities are declining in size because
    of inner city decay counter-urbanization
  • Suburbanization continues but slows down
  • Poorer countries
  • Faster pace of urbanization than rich countries
  • Rural-urban migration -- much greater input to
    urbanization
  • Both worlds face larger agglomeration expansions
    formation of megalopolis, conurbations,
    mega-urban regions, giant city, super-city,
    ecumenopolis etc

27
  • Common features of Third World Megacities
  • High primacy index
  • High proportion of migrants
  • Large informal sector
  • Unplanned uncontrolled urban sprawl
  • Well below standards set for urban sustainable
    development
  • Slums squatters
  • Untreated sewage, industrial effluent to
    waterbodies, intense contamination at peri-urban
    areas

28
  • References
  • Potter, R. B. Binns, T. Elliot, J. A. Smith,
    D. 2002. Geographies of Development. Longman,
    Harlow (UK).
  • Fellemann,J. D. Getis, A. Getis, J. 2005 (8th
    ed.) Human Geography Landscapes of Human
    Activities. McGraw-Hill, Boston.
  • Berry, Brian J. L 1993. The Global Economy,
    Resource Use, Locational Choice and International
    Trade. Prentice Hull International, London.
  • Bijlani, Hiru 1994. Globalisation An Overview.
    Heinemann Asia, Singapore.
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