The Cold War Begins

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Chapter 39

• The Cold War Begins

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Postwar Economic Anxieties

• Post WWII fear was that the U.S. would sink back
  into another Great Depression.
• Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act, which
  outlawed closed shop, made unions liable for
  damages that resulted from jurisdictional
  disputes among themselves, and required that
  union leaders take non-Communist oaths.
• Congress passed the Servicemens Readjustment Act
  of 1944 (GI Bill of Rights) which allowed all
  servicemen to have free college education once
  they returned from the war

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GI Bill of Rights

• House authors Edith Nourse Rodgers of
  Massachusetts and John Rankin of Mississippi look
  on as President Roosevelt signs legislation
  popularly known as the "GI Bill of Rights."

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Servicemen at North Carolina State
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The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970

• The middle class more than doubled while people
  now wanted two cars in every garage over 90 of
  American families owned a television.
• Women also reaped the benefits of the postwar
  economy, growing in the American work force while
  giving up their former roles as housewives.
• Much of the prosperity of the 50s and 60s rested
  on colossal military projects.
• Permanent war economy

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The Smiling Sunbelt

• Immigration also led to the growth of a
  fifteen-state region in the southern half of the
  U.S. known as the Sunbelt, which dramatically
  increased in population.
• In the 1950s, California overtook New York as the
  most populous state.
• Sunbelt had better climate, more jobs and less
  taxes
• People moved from the rustbelt to the sunbelt

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Rustbelt States
Sunbelt States
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Dr. Spock

• With so many people on the move, families were
  being strained, which explained the success of
  Dr. Benjamin Spocks The Common Sense Book of
  Baby and Child Care (1945).

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Rise of the Suburbs

• White Flight Whites moved from the city to the
  suburbs leaving a segregated inner city
• Federal Housing Authority and the Veterans
  Administration, loan guarantees made it cheaper
  to live in the suburbs than in cramped city
  apartments but did not give loans to minorities
• Innovators like the Levitt brothers, with their
  monotonous but cheap housing plans, built
  thousands of houses in single projects
• Led to a construction boom in the 1950s and 1960s

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Pennsylvania Levittowns
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The Postwar Baby Boom

• Many soldiers returned after the war, then had
  babies, creating a Baby Boom that is still
  being felt today.
• As the children grew up collectively, they put
  strains on respective markets, such as
  manufacturers of baby products in the 1940s and
  50s, teenage clothing designers in the 60s, and
  the job market in the 70s and 80s and later on
  the Social Security System

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Baby Boom Generation
School children 1950s
Teenagers in the 1960s
Elderly in the 2000s
Yuppie in the 1980s
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Harry S. Truman

• Took over after the death of FDR
• Often, Truman would stick to a wrong decision
  just to prove his decisiveness and power of
  command.
• The Buck Stops Here
• If you cant stand the heat get out of the
  kitchen

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From the Truman Library

• "The Buck Stops Here" is a famous sign that is a
  part of American political folklore. It was given
  to President Truman in 1945.
• The saying derives from the expression "to pass
  the buck", which means to avoid responsibility.
  The sign came to express Truman's decisiveness
  and accountability

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Yalta Conference

• A final conference of the Big Three had taken
  place at Yalta in February 1945
• Soviet leader Joseph Stalin pledged that Poland
  should have a representative government with free
  elections, as would Bulgaria and Romania, but he
  broke those promises.
• The Soviet Union had agreed to attack Japan three
  months after the fall of Germany, but by the time
  the Soviets entered the Pacific war, the U.S. was
  about to win anyway, and now, it seemed that the
  USSR had entered to the sake of taking some
  spoils.
• The Soviet Union was also granted control of the
  Manchurian railroads and received special
  privileges to Dairen and Port Arthur.
• Critics of FDR charged that he sold Chinas
  Chiang Kai-shek down the river.

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Churchill, FDR and Stalin at Yalta
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U.S./USSR and Cold War Issues

• Communism Vs Capitalism
• U.S. refusal to recognize Bolsheviks in Russia
  for first 16 years
• U.S./GB delay of opening second front in Europe
  during WWII USSR lost 20 million lives
• U.S./GB froze USSR out of nuclear secrets
• U.S. stopped Lend-Lease payments to USSR in 1945
  and refused USSRs request for a 6 billion loan
• USSRs refusal to help aid post-war Europe
• USSRs aggressive expansion satellite countries
• Led to 41/2 decades of tension between the two
  countries

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Shaping the Postwar World

• Meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944,
  the Western Allies established the International
  Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by
  regulating the currency exchange rates.
• The United Nations opened on April 25, 1945
• The UN created the new Jewish state of Israel
  from Arab-controlled Palestine
• The UN also created UNESCO (U.N. Educational,
  Scientific, and Cultural Organization), FAO (Food
  and Agricultural Organization), and WHO (World
  Health Organization), bringing benefits to people
  all over the globe.

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United Nation

• The member nations drew up a charter similar to
  that of the old League of Nations, formed a
  Security Council to be headed by five permanent
  powers (China, USSR, Britain, France, and USA)
  that had veto powers, and was set up in NYC.
• The Senate overwhelmingly approved the UN by a
  vote of 89 to 2.

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UN Headquarters

• The Headquarters of the World Organization is
  located on an 18-acre site on the East side of
  Manhattan. It is an international zone belonging
  to all Member States. The United Nations has its
  own security force, fire department and postal
  administration.

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UN Creation of a Jewish State

• The seeds of Palestinian national consciousness
  sprouted in response to the British colonial
  presence and the expanding Jewish population. And
  in November 1947, the United Nations voted in
  favor of partitioning Palestine into an Arab and
  a Jewish state, a defining moment for
  Palestinians who rejected division of the
  contested Holy Land

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Nuremberg Trials

• Punished 22 top culprits of the Holocaust
• Herman Goering, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von
  Ribbentrop, and Wilhelm Keitel in front row

National Archives and Records Administration
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Post-War Germany

• America knew that an economically healthy Germany
  was indispensable to the recovery of all of
  Europe, but Russia, fearing another blitzkrieg,
  wanted huge reparations from Germany.
• Broke up Germany into 4 zones controlled by U.S.,
  USSR, GB, and France
• West Germany U.S., GB, France democratic free
  market Capitalist country
• East Germany USSR Communist satellite of USSR
• Berlin also broken up into 4 zones

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Postwar Partition of Germany
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Berlin Blockade and Airlift

• In 1948 the USSR choked off all air and railway
  access to Berlin, located deep in East Germany,
• The Allies organized a massive airlift to feed
  the people of Berlin, and in May 1949, the
  Soviets stopped their blockade of Berlin
• 1st ever confrontation between the U.S. and the
  USSR in the Cold War Stalin blinked

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Berlin Airlift
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Containment Doctrine

• Crafted by Soviet specialist George F. Kennan -
  Stated that firm containment of Soviet expansion
  would halt Communist power.
• Firm and vigilant containment of Communism with a
  combination of military and political preparedness

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Containment Doctrine

• George F. Kennan, "sovietologist" in the US State
  Department, advocated developing a global foreign
  policy for the first time in American history
  outside immediate war. He believed the USSR to
  be inherently expansionist because the Russian
  Empire under both the czars and the Communists
  had sought to expand. His warning that the US
  ought to prepare itself to meet postwar Soviet
  expansion with a coherent planned response formed
  the basis of the Truman Doctrine.

George F. Kennan, author of the
"Containment" doctrine, portrayed as chess
master(Smithsonian Institution
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Truman Doctrine

• Truman asked for 400 million to bolster Greece
  and Turkey to keep them from falling to Communism
• It must be the policy of the United States to
  support free people who are resisting attempted
  subjugation by armed minorities or by outside
  pressure

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Greece and Turkey
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Marshall Plan

• Provided for the formation of the European
  Community
• Plan was to help Europeans recover from the war.
• The plan sent 12.5 billion over four years to 16
  cooperating nations to aid in recovery, and at
  first, Congress didnt want to comply.
• Soviet-sponsored coup that toppled the government
  of Czechoslovakia finally convinced Congress to
  pass the plan.

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Marshall Plan
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National Security Act of 1947

• Created the Department of Defense
• Housed at the Pentagon
• Headed by a civilian Secretary of Defense
• Created the civilian secretaries of the Army,
  Navy and Air Force (Joint Chiefs of Staff)
• Created the National Security Council (NSC) to
  advice the president on security matters
• Created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to
  coordinate the governments foreign
  fact-gathering

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NATO

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Started by the U.S. Britain, France, Belgium, the
  Netherlands, and Luxembourg
• An attack on one member an attack on all, despite
  the U.S.s traditionally not involving itself in
  entangling alliances.
• NATOs membership grew to fourteen with the 1952
  admissions of Greece and Turkey, and then to 15
  when West Germany joined in 1955.

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In response to NATO the USSR formed the Warsaw
Pact, its own alliance system
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Reconstruction of Japan

• General Douglas MacArthur, head of reconstruction
  in Japan, dictated a constitution that was
  adopted in 1946, and democratized Japan.
• Incredibly quick and successful recovery 20
  years

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China and Communism

• In 1949 the communist forces, led by Mao Zedong,
  defeated the nationalist forces, led by Chiang
  Kai-shek
• With this defeat, one-quarter of the world
  population (500 million people) plunged under the
  Communist flag

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Soviet Atomic Bomb

• September of 1949, Truman announced that the
  Soviets had exploded their first atomic
  bombthree years before experts thought was
  possible, thus eliminating the U.S. monopoly on
  nuclear weapons.
• Led to concern, hysteria and fear of spies

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Joe 1 The First Soviet Atomic Bomb 1949
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Hydrogen Bomb

• The U.S. exploded the hydrogen bomb in 1952, and
  the Soviets followed suit a year later thus
  began the dangerous arms race of the Cold War
• In 1955, the Soviet Union dropped the world's
  first airborne H-bomb.  Americans reacted with
  civil defense strategies such as "Duck and Cover"
  exercises and bomb shelters

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1946 Test at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands
The Bikini Test images are from the papers of
Edward Uhler Condon
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Red Scare II

• The Loyalty Review Board was created which
  investigated more than 3 million federal
  employees.
• In 1949, 11 communists were brought to a New York
  jury for violating the Smith Act of 1940, which
  had been the first peacetime anti-sedition law
  since 1798.
• Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security
  Bill, which let the president arrest and detain
  suspicious people during an internal security
  emergency. It passed over his veto
• House Un-American Committee (HUAC)
• House group headed by Future president Richard
  Nixon

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HUAC
HUAC member (Nixon, Investigator Robert
Stripling, and Chairman Thomas) with Hiss files
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

• Brought to trial, convicted, and executed
• Their sensational trial, electrocution, and
  sympathy for their two children began to sober
  America zeal in red hunting.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg leave a federal
courthouse in New York City in 1950 after being
arraigned on charges of espionage. Both were
later convicted of passing secret information
about the construction of nuclear weapons to the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and
were executed in 1953.
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Alger Hiss

• Alger Hiss, formerly a high official in the U.S.
  Department of Justice, denies charges that he
  engaged in espionage. In 1948 in testimony before
  the House Committee on Un-American Activities,
  which investigated Communism in the United
  States, magazine editor Whittaker Chambers
  accused Hiss of transmitting secret government
  information to the Union of Soviet Socialist
  Republics (USSR). Although Hiss denied the
  charge, he was convicted of perjury (lying under
  oath) and sentenced to a five-year prison term.

Globe Photos, Inc
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Joseph McCarthy

• Charging that there were scores of unknown
  communists in the State Department.
• He couldnt prove it, and many American began to
  fear that this red chase was going too far after
  all, how could there be freedom of speech if
  saying communist ideas got one arrested

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Election of 1948

• Republicans Thomas Dewey
• Democrats Harry Truman
• Trumans nomination split the Democratic Party
• Dixiecrats Strom Thurmond
• Progressive Party Harry Wallace
• Dewey seemed destined for an easy victory, and
  on Election Night, the Chicago Tribune even ran
  an early edition proclaiming DEWEY DEFEATS
  TRUMAN, but Truman shockingly won, getting 303
  Electoral votes to Deweys 189, and to make
  things better, the Democrats won control of
  Congress again.
• Truman received critical support from farmers,
  workers, and blacks

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Chicago Daily Tribune
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Election of 1948
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Trumans Fair Deal

• Improved housing, full employment, a higher
  minimum wage, better farm price supports, new
  Tennessee Valley Administrations, and an
  extension of Social Security.
• the only successes came in raising the minimum
  wage, providing for public housing in the Housing
  Act of 1949, and extending old-age insurance to
  more beneficiaries with the Social Security Act
  of 1950.

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Point Four Program

• Point Four Program 4th point in his inaugural
  speech spend money on underdeveloped countries
  to keep Communism out.

1949 Inaugural Speech during which President
Truman proposed the Point 4 Program. Source
Truman Library.
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Korean War

• On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces suddenly
  invaded South Korean, taking the South Koreans by
  surprise and pushing them dangerously south
  toward Pusan.
• Truman sprang to action, remembering that the
  League of Nations had failed from inactivity, and
  ordered U.S. military spending to be quadrupled,
  as wanted from National Security Council
  Memorandum Number 68, or NSC-68
• Truman asked for and mysteriously was granted
  unanimous UN approval for military action in
  Korea (USSR and China?)

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Korean War

• Douglas MacArthur put in charge of UN forces
• No declaration of war in US in spite of almost
  all of the UN troops being American
• General MacArthur landed a brilliant invasion
  behind enemy forces on September 15, 1950, and
  drove the North Koreans back across the 38th
  parallel, towards China and the Yalu River.
• In November 1950, Chinese volunteers flooded
  across the border and pushed the South Koreans
  back to the 38th parallel
• MacArthur wanted to blockade China and bomb
  Manchuria, but Truman didnt want to enlarge the
  war beyond necessity
• MacArthur criticized Truman publicly and was
  removed for insubordination

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Stage 1

• North Korean army crossed the 38th parallel --
  the border between the two Koreas at the end of
  World War II.
• As MacArthur biographer, D. Clayton James
  describes it, "North Korean artillery and mortar
  barrages began hitting South Korean positions
  along the 150-mile width of the peninsula,
  shortly followed by invasion forces totaling over
  90,000 troops and 150 Soviet-built tanks that
  struck in smoothly coordinated assaults into
  South Korea."

Info and maps from pbs.org
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Stage 2

• By the end of July, the North Koreans had pushed
  the U.N. forces to the southeast corner of the
  peninsula, where they dug in around the port of
  Pusan.
• over the next six weeks a desperate, bloody
  struggle ensued as the North Koreans threw
  everything they had at American and ROK (South
  Korean) forces in an effort to gain complete
  control over Korea.

Info and maps from pbs.org
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Stage 3

• MacArthur completely changed the course of the
  war overnight by ordering -- over nearly
  unanimous objections -- an amphibious invasion at
  the port of Inchon, near Seoul.
• The Americans quickly gained control of Inchon,
  recaptured Seoul within days, and cut the North
  Korean supply lines. American and ROK forces
  broke out of the Pusan Perimeter and chased the
  retreating enemy north.
• MacArthur received permission to pursue the enemy
  into North Korea. ROK forces crossed the 38th
  parallel on October 1

Info and maps from pbs.org
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Stage 4

• Despite warnings from the Communist Chinese
  through an Indian diplomat that "American
  intrusion into North Korea would encounter
  Chinese resistance," MacArthur's forces continued
  to push north
• The Chinese army, which had been massing north of
  the Yalu River after secretly slipping into North
  Korea, struck with considerable force
• MacArthur was now worried enough to press
  Washington for greater latitude in taking the
  fight into China.

Info and maps from pbs.org
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Stage 5

• MacArthur's "all-out offensive" to the Yalu had
  barely begun when the Chinese struck with awesome
  force on the night of November 25
• MacArthur's men fought courageously and
  skillfully just to avoid annihilation, as they
  were pushed back down the peninsula.

Info and maps from pbs.org
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Stage 6

• Stalemate at the 38th Parallel
• General MacArthur had been steadily pushing
  Washington to remove the restrictions on his
  forces. Not only did Truman decline for fear of
  widening the war, but he fired MacArthur, who had
  been publicly challenging him for months, for
  insubordination on April 11.

Info and maps from pbs.org