Neofreudians: Part II

1
Neofreudians Part II

• Erik Erikson Karen Horney

2
Erik Erikson 1902-1994

• Born to a Jewish single mother (his Danish father
  left before he was born).
• Erikson never identified himself as Danish
  (although he looked Danish).
• He studied art in his youth met his wife, Joan
  Serson, an aspiring psychoanalytic.
• Anna Freud analyzed him invited him to do
  psychoanalysis.

3
Biography contd.

• Erikson left Germany in 1933, to go to Denmark,
  followed by the US.
• Although he didnt have a college degree, he
  became a child analyst taught at Harvard
  (worked with Henry Murray).
• Later he became a professor at the University
  of California at Berkeley. He worked until well
  in his 80s.

4
Eriksons Psychosocial theory

• According to Erikson, our personality is
  developed based on our experiences in our social
  settings.
• He argued the ego is concerned with interpersonal
  concerns as well as biological drives.
• The driving force for our development is social
  (influences, interactions).

5
Erikson quote

• Personalitycan be said to develop according to
  steps determined in the human organisms
  readiness to be driven toward, to be aware of,
  and to interact with a widening radius of
  significant individuals and institutions (page
  93).

6
Eriksons Psychosocial Stages

• Stage I Trust Vs. Mistrust (0-1 yr.)
• As infants if our basic needs (food, shelter,
  caring) are met, we learn to trust our parents
  our situation.
• If our needs arent met, we begin to mistrust the
  intentions of others. Some mistrust is
  inevitable.

7
Trust Vs. Mistrust (contd.)

• In a healthy resolution of this conflict, trust
  will prevail.
• Erikson argues that the ability to trust (be
  vulnerable to others) is an important quality
  that contributes to adjustment happiness.

8
Stage 2 Autonomy Vs. Shame Doubt (2-3 yrs)

• Toddlers need to experiment with their
  surroundings to develop a sense of independence.
• Toddlers will need the support of their parents
  in exploring their world in order for autonomy to
  develop.
• If autonomy isnt achieved,
• child will feel shame.
• Note a small degree of shame doubt is
  good for humility.

9
 Stage 3 Initiative Vs. Guilt (4-5 yrs.)

• The child needs to learn how to approach
  situations what the consequences of such
  actions will be (often through play).
• The child identifies himself/herself based on the
  childs sex interactions with parents.
• Superego develops during this stage.
• If the stage is resolved, the child develops more
  initiative than guilt.

10
Stage 4 Industry Vs. Inferiority (6-12)

• The child must learn to be productive succeed
  in tasks he or she sets out to do.
• Through diligence hard-work, the child gains a
  sense of satisfaction industry.
• If the child feels like he/she cannot
  successfully produce or is unrecognized for
  producing inferiority will prevail.

11
Stage 5 Identity Vs. Identity Confusion (13-20s)

• Adolescents transition from childhood to
• adulthood.
• During this time, the adolescent needs to
  determine what his/her identity will be (job,
  family).
• Identity confusion occurs if the adolescent cant
  develop a coherent identity.
• A negative identity-based on undesirable roles in
  society (juvenile delinquent).

12
Stage 6 Intimacy Vs. Isolation(20s-30s)

• Person needs to establish close relationships
  with others (friends, lovers, family).
• Intimacy is psychological, not sexual.
• If person doesnt not develop close personal
  relationships with others, they may become
  isolated.

13
Stage 7 Generativity Vs. Stagnation (Mid
adulthood)

• The adult who is generativeis involved in their
  work roles is concerned with the growth of
  others.
• These peoplegive back to society through their
  efforts (parents, teachers, mentors).
• Stagnation occurs when a person it not able to be
  involved in caring for others.

14
Stage 8 Integrity Vs. Despair (late
adulthood) 

• Person needs to feel they accomplished something
  in life.
• Was the persons life meaningful? Those that
  feel they achieved their goals, develop
  integrity.
• Those who failed to achieve their goals
  experience despair.

15
Karen Horney (1885-1952)

• Born to a Norwegian Sea Captain his wife.
• Horneys father was a strict religious zealout
  (Lutheran) who made life unpleasant for Karens
  family.
• Karen criticized her religion fathers views
  which she saw as hypocritical.
• Horney earned a degree from the University of
  Freiburgh in 1906 (1 of 58 women).

16
Biographical

• Horney married Oskar in 1909 moved to Berlin to
  continue her medical studies.
• Horney underwent psychoanalysis, decided to
  make it her profession.
• Horney soon published several papers criticizing
  Freuds views of women.

17
Horney--overview

• The unconscious has a strong influence on
  personality development.
• However, sexual conflict does not drive
  personality. Instead, unresolved interpersonal
  issues, do!!!!
• Like Freud, she agreed that these conflicts
  occurred during childhood (through parent-child
  interactions).
• Horney emphasized importance of cultural forces,
  not anatomy on personality differences in men
  women.

18
Basic Anxiety Basic Hostility

• A child reared with inadequate parenting feels
  helpless alone in the world. This is basic
  anxiety.
• Parental neglect rejectionproduce anger which
  leads to basic hostility.
• This hostility cannot be expressed (fear of
  retribution/loss of love) becomes repressed.
• This is the breeding ground for neurosis.

19
Three Interpersonal Orientations

• Healthy people are flexible in how they interact
  with others.
• Neurotics are imbalanced in their interpersonal
  behavior.
• Horney argued these neurotics could be
  categorized by their emphasis on moving toward
  people, moving against people, or moving away
  from people.
• These may serve as basic defense mechanisms.

20
Have you met this person?

• When Jane first meets people she comes across as
  friendly warm. Shes always doing things for
  others, quick to pass along a compliment. But
  soon her attention turns into demands. She cant
  stand to be alone, cant accept the idea that
  partners or friends would want to do anything
  without her. Her relationships never work out,
  yet she falls in love almost as soon as she meets
  the next man.

21
Moving Toward People The Self-Effacing Solution

• These people have overwhelming need for love from
  others. Emphasize their helplessness.
• These people become dependent on others, seeing
  others as superior to themselves.
• Paradoxwhile these people desperately want love,
  they are incapable of having a genuinely loving
  relationship.
• Instead, these folks cling to others, demanding
  love affection, they cant return.

22
Have you met this person?

• Jack is disliked by almost everyone he meets.
  Few people escape his sarcastic, biting comments.
  He seems to hold everyone he encounters with
  contempt. He is successful in his field of
  business, but has done so by stepping on others
  to get what he wants. Hes such a narcissist
  that everything has to be about him or hes
  unhappy and miserable. Hes the poster child for
  Machiavellianism.

23
Moving against People The Expansive Solution

• These people need power over others to feel good
  about themselves.
• These folks get a fleeting sense of security from
  pushing others around, but have no real
  friendships.
• It is important that this person show mastery in
  tasks over others humiliate others before they
  themselves can be humiliated.

24
Have you met this person?

• Jen works as an accountant, quietly tabulating
  figures in her office. She rarely socializes
  with other people who work for the same firm so
  now most of them have stopped asking her to join
  them. She has few friends and spends most of her
  evenings by herself with her cat.

25
Moving away from People The Resignation
Solution

• These individuals withdrawal from others strive
  for self-sufficiency independence.
• They detach from others seek jobs where there
  is little interaction with others.
• In general they avoid affection, love, or
  friendship. They are afraid that emotional
  attachment will lead to pain rejection.

.
26
Narcissism

• If an individual is unsure of his/her self-worth,
  they may attempt to achieve worthiness by using
  one of Horneys orientations.
• Appearing more powerful, independent, or loved,
  gives the person the illusion they have personal
  worth.
• Narcissismmalignant self-focus self-admiration
  that results in the person alienating everyone
  else (NPD).

27
Parental behavior and personality

• Horney argued that warm, affectionate, loving
  parents rear healthy well-adjusted children.
• Parents who are controlling, neglectful, or cold
  rear children who have basic anxiety
  neuroticism.
• There is some support for Horneys theory. McCrae
  Costa (1988) found that adults who reported
  that their parents had been rejecting were higher
  in neuroticism.

28
What is infant attachment?

• Infants develop strong affectionate ties with
  their caregivers (usually mother).
• This bond ensures our survival
• If we have loving parents, we form secure
  attachments by the time we are 6-months-old.

29
How attachment evolves

• 1. Preattachment phase (02 mos.) smiling,
  crying, eye-contact with caregiver facilitate
  newborn closeness to humans.
• 2. Attachment-in-the-making phase (2-7mos.)
  Babies smile, laugh, babble more to mom than
  strangers.
• 3. Clear-cut phase of attachment (7-24 mos)
  Attachment to familiar caregiver is present.
  Separation anxiety occurs when caregiver leaves.
• 4. Goal-corrected partnership (24 mos.)
  Separation anxiety begins to wane.

30
Types of Attachment

• 1.  Secure Attachment parent is secure base.
  Child cries when parent is gone, is comforted
  when parent returns.
• 2. Insecure-Avoidant attachment Infants are
  unresponsive to parent when present unaffected
  when parent leaves. They often avoid the parent
  when parent greets them.

31
3. Insecure-Resistance attachment

• Infants seek closeness with parent before parent
  leaves shows anger responses when parent
  returns. Infants are hard to comfort while being
  held.
• 4. Insecure-Disorganized attachment Infant is
  confused shows contradictory behaviors when
  parent returns (flat affect).

32
Feminine Psychology

• Horney argued against Freuds obviously negative
  views of women.
• Freud argued that the essence of female
  development is found in the concept of penis
  envy.
• Horney argued -men suffer from womb envythe
  desire to carry deliver children.
• Horney argued men compensate for this inability
  through achievements in work.