World Geography Fall Final Review

1
World GeographyFall Final Review
2
Define Geography

• The study of the Earths physical and human
  features and the interactions of people, places,
  and environments.

3
Human vs. Physical Geography

• Human Geography is culture which includes
  government, economics, religion, language,
  rituals, customs, etc.
• Physical Geography is the landforms, bodies of
  water, climates, vegetation and weather of the
  planet.

4
5 Themes of Geography

• Location
• Absolute 550 Dulles Avenue
• Relative down the street from Sonic
• Place
• Physical The Grand Canyon
• Human First Colony Mall
• Human Environment Interaction Pollution
• Movement Transportation
• Region See next slide!

5
Types of Regions

• Functional- a central focal point with
  surrounding territories.
• The Houston Metro Area.
• Formal - Has boundaries determined by the
  distribution of some uniform characteristic.
• The State of Texas
• Perceptual - Defined by popular feelings and
  images rather than by objective data.
• The Heartland

6
TODALSIGS

• Title type of map
• Orientation direction of map
• Date when map made
• Author who made the map
• Legend what the symbols mean
• Scale spatial relation of map, distance
• Index where things are found on map
• Grid latitude and longitude of map
• Source where the info for the map came from

7
Longitude

• Longitude
• Run north to south
• Measured east and west of Prime Meridian
• Prime Meridian is 0 Longitude
• Prime Meridian divides the Eastern and Western
  hemispheres
• Lines of Longitude are also known as meridians
  they meet at the poles.

8
Latitude

• Latitude
• Run east to west
• Measured north and south of Equator
• The Equator is at 0 latitude
• Lines of latitude are called parallels because
  they never intersect or meet.

9
Cardinal vs. Intermediate Directions

• Cardinal North, South, East, West
• Intermediate Northeast, Northwest, Southeast,
  Southwest

10
Maps vs. Globes

• Maps must distort size, shape, direction and
  distance

11
The Tropics

• Tropic of Cancer 23 ½ N latitude
• Tropic of Capricorn 23 ½ S latitude
• Remember it this way
• Cancer is in the Lungs
• The Equator is at the waist
• Your kneeCAP is below your waist

12
The Great circles

• North Pole 90N
• Arctic Circle 66 ½ N latitude
• Tropic of Cancer 23 ½ N latitude
• Equator 0 latitude
• Tropic of Capricorn 23 ½ S latitude
• Antarctic Circle 66 ½ S Latitude
• South Pole 90S

13
Weathering vs. Erosion

• Weathering Breaking down of rock into smaller
  pieces
• Chemical acid rain
• Physical Wind
• Erosion The movement of dirt, sand, etc from one
  place to another
• Wind
• Water
• Glacial (Ice)

14
Continental Drift

• The theory that the continents were once one
  supercontinent called PANGEA but then they broke
  apart and drifted to their current locations
• We know this because of
• Similar fossils
• fit of coastlines
• Similar rocks

15
The Earths Spheres

• Atmosphere all of the gasses on Earth
• Hydrosphere all of the water on Earth
• Lithosphere the surfaces of the Earth
• Biosphere living things on Earth

16
Mountains

• Tall landforms with high altitude

17
Peninsula

• Surrounded by water on 3 sides

18
Mouth of a River

• The place where a river empties into a larger
  body of water

19
Archipelago

• A group of islands

20
Source of a river

• The place where a river starts. Usually in the
  mountains or inland on a landmass

21
Isthmus

• A strip of land that joins two larger landmasses

22
Atoll

• A ring of islands formed by a volcano under water
  with a lagoon in the middle.

23
Lake

• A large body of water surrounded by land.

24
Strait

• A narrow body of water that runs between two
  landmasses and connects two larger bodies of water

25
Sound

• A small body of water that is partially enclosed
  by land and opens to the ocean

26
Ring of Fire

• Ring of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific
  Ocean. Lots of earthquakes and volcanoes.

27
Seasons

• The Suns rays shine directly on the following
  latitudes on these dates
• Dec. 21st (winter solstice) Tropic of Capricorn
• Jun. 21st (summer solstice) Tropic of Cancer
• March 22nd (spring equinox) Equator
• September 22nd (fall equinox) Equator
• Seasons change as the earth revolves around the
  sun
• Rotation gives us days and nights

28
More Seasons

• Southern Hemisphere, position 1
• Summer
• Northern Hemisphere, position 2
• Spring
• During the December solstice, the Tropic of
  Capricorn gets the most light because the Earth
  is tilted away from the sun
• During the June solstice, the Tropic of Cancer
  gets the most light because the Earth is tilted
  toward the sun

29
Weather vs. Climate

• Weather constantly changing
• Rain, snow, tornadoes, hurricanes
• Cold today, chance of snow
• Cold front moving in
• Climate ongoing
• Humid, tropical, arid
• Warm wet winters, hot, dry summers

30
Factors that affect climate

• Latitude largest influence
• Elevation/Altitude (highercolder)
• Precipitation
• Ocean currents
• Wind currents
• Continentiality (middle of continentmore
  defined)
• Orographic/Rain-shadow effect (rain on windward
  side and desert on leeward side)
• Ultimate source the sun!

31
The Orographic Effect

• Created the Atacama Desert

32
Culture

• The beliefs and actions that define a group of
  people and their way of life. Some examples of
  culture traits are
• Religion
• Language
• Government
• Economics
• Rituals
• Customs
• Etc.

33
Diffusion

• The spread of a product, phenomena, disease,
  language or idea
• SARS
• AIDS
• Colombian Drugs
• Etc
• Another important concept for understanding
  cultural change is acculturation where people
  accept the ways of a new culture

34
Culture Hearth

• The place where a culture emerged and diffused
  from

35
ABCs of Culture

• Dont worry about them!

36
Government

• Autocratic single self-appointed ruler
• North Korea
• Democratic people choose leader
• USA

37
Economics

• Command government controlled
• Cuba
• Free Market supply and demand, private
  businesses
• Mexico
• Theres No Such Thing as a Free Lunch

38
Constitutional Monarchy

• A government with a king or queen but also a
  government established by a constitution
• Great Britain

39
Dictatorship

• A government controlled by a single leader who
  took over by force and rules absolutely
• Cuba
• North Korea

40
Population Issues

• More population means we need
• More resources
• More education
• More healthcare
• More goods and services
• More environmental concern!
• Longer life expectancy (average length of life)
  is because of
• Many diseases are better controlled

41
Population Growth

• Zero population growth birthsdeaths
• Negative population growth birthsltdeaths
• Slow population growth slightly more births than
  deaths
• Rapid population growth many more births than
  deaths

42
Increase/Decrease Rates

• Birth rates number of live babies born each year
  per 1000
• Death rates number of people who die each year
  per 1000
• Demographics
• The study of human population statistics
  including distribution, pop. Density and trends

43
Population density

• Number of people within a space
• People per square mile
• People per square kilometer
• Measures how crowded a country is

44
Types of Farming

• Subsistence Agriculture just growing enough to
  support family/village with none left over for
  sale
• Commercial Agriculture growing additional crops
  for sale/profit

45
Revolutions

• Agricultural Revolution
• Industrial Revolution
• Biological Revolution
• Green Revolution

46
The Green Revolution

• After scientists discovered the hole in the ozone
  layer, people focused their consumer and
  productive efforts on cleaning and maintaining
  the environment
• A response to the greenhouse effect gasses
  trapped in the environment warming the earth.

47
Resources

• Renewable can be regenerated
• Solar power
• Freshwater
• Nonrenewable can not be regenerated
• Oil
• Gold

48
Levels of Development

• Developed Countries that have moved from a
  primarily agricultural economy to an
  industrial/technological economy
• USA, Mexico, Japan
• Developing (middle income) Countries that are in
  the process of industrializing
• India, China, Much of Latin America
• Underdeveloped Countries that are still
  subsistence
• Afghanistan, Much of Africa

49
Urban vs. Rural

• Urban is cities with buildings, roads,
  businesses, solid infrastructure
• Rural is the country

50
Population Pyramid Questions

• The population is fairly stable
• The largest part of the population is young
  adults from about 25-30

51
US and Canada

• US and Canada are wealthy nations with many city
  and suburb dwellers for the following reasons
• Democratic governments
• Free market economies (capitalism)
• Abundance of land
• Belief in the individual
• Values that encourage wealth

52
Megalopolis

• A major city areas linked by smaller cities
• Boston to Washington DC

53
Most Popular Industry in US

• Most Americans work in the service industry today
• Doctors
• Lawyers
• Retail
• Food service

54
Where do most Canadians live?

• In the south and on the coasts
• Close to the US
• Major cities
• Geographycold, mountainous in the north

55
The US and Canada

• Shared physical characteristics
• Great Lakes (except Michigan)
• Great Plains
• Rocky Mountains
• Capitals
• US Washington DC
• Canada Ottawa

56
Branches of US Government

• Legislative (makes laws)
• Congress
• Senate
• House of Representatives
• Judicial (interprets laws)
• Supreme Court
• Lower courts
• Executive (enforces laws)
• President
• Cabinet

57
NAFTA

• North American Free Trade Agreement
• Mexico, US and Canada
• Eliminate or reduce tariffs, embargos and
  restrictions on trade between the 3 countries
• Good for some groups, bad for others

58
The Governing Body of Canada

• Parliament
• Led by a Prime Minister

59
Socioeconomic Status of mostAmericans and
Canadians

• Middle class
• Where in the US?
• Disney World Florida
• West Point New York
• The NFL Vikings team Minnesota
• Kilauea Volcano Hawaii
• Arlington Cemetary Virginia

60
American Revolution

• Americans fought for their freedom from British
  rule
• Declaration of Independence signed July 4, 1776
• Written by Thomas Jefferson
• US Constitution has a preamble
• Federal system is national and state
• Articles of Confed. led to the Constitution

61
Trade

• Trade deficit Importing more than you export
• Trade surplus Exporting more than you import
• The US has a trade deficit
• Canada has a trade surplus

62
The Bill of Rights

• The first TEN amendments to the Constitution
  include
• Free speech, press, religion, assembly, petition
• bear arms (guns)
• No search and seizure
• Trial by jury
• Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment

63
The Orographic Effect in LA

• The Atacama Desert in Latin America was created
  by the Orographic effect

64
Latin American Settlements

• Mostly on the coasts because physical geography
  and climate has made it difficult to settle
  anywhere else
• Economy
• Mostly agricultural output
• Panama Canal
• Links the Caribbean and the Pacific

65
Ancient Civilizations

• Maya Mexico
• Aztec Mexico
• Incas Peru

66
European Colonies and LA

• Spanish
• Portuguese

67
Main Religion of LA

• Roman Catholicism

68
Brazil

• Major language is Portuguese while the rest of
  Latin America is primarily Spanish-speaking

69
Landlocked nations of LA

• Bolivia
• Paraguay

70
LA Groups

• Mestizos people who were part Spanish, part
  native American or Indian
• Mulattos people who were part African part
  native American or Indian

71
Brasilia

• The capital of Brazil
• Build in the Brazilian highlands as a central
  location for trade and government

72
Grasslands of South America

• The Llanos of Colombia and Venezuela
• The Pampas of Argentina and Paraguay

73
Physical Geography in LA

• The Andes Mountains have isolated people and
  prevented trade

74
Most populated country in the world

• China
• They try to control it by only allowing people to
  have 1 child

75
Natural Resources

• Elements from the Earth not made by people but
  usable by them.

76
Oligarchy

• Government controlled by a small powerful group

77
Per Capita Income

• Divide GDP by population

78
Push/Pull Migration

• Push migration factors that push people out of
  an areawar, famine, govt. corruption, etc.
• Pull migration factors that pull people to an
  areaeducation and employment opportunities,
  freedom, etc.

79
The Greater Antilles

• Cuba
• Jamaica
• Haiti
• Dominican Republic
• Puerto Rico

80
Human Rights Violations

• Starvation
• Brutality
• Persecution

81
Worlds Highest Lake

• Lake Titicaca in the Andes Mountains