Identity and Conflict in the Balkan

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Identity and Conflict in the Balkan

• Eighth Week, Tuesday

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Announcements

• In the news 10th anniversary of lifting of siege
  of Sarajevo
  

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Bosnia Ten Topics

• Location, capital, and geography
• Divisions
• Ethnic and linguistic composition
• Bosnias economy
• Bosnia War of the 1990s key events, people
• Bosnia and the Ottoman Empire
• Bosnia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Bosnia and the World Wars
• Bosnia Today
• Sarajevo Yesterday and Today

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Bosnia-Hercegovina
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Hall in Sarajevo, Bosnia Part III

• Ethnic mix distinctive because of religious, not
  linguistic base
  
• More intense ethnic feeling
• Croats, Serbs, Muslims
• Muslims converted by Turks
• Cosmopolitan center Sarajevo
• Recent book by Bill Carter Fools Rush In

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Siege of Sarajevo

• 1992-96
• Blockade 400k residents trapped
• Thousands killed
• Variety of human rights violations
• UN food airlifts in June 1992
• Declared over in February 1996
• Population 650k to 220k (400k now)

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Encounters with Izetbegovic
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Serbian Orthodox Church (Sarajevo)
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Jewish Cemetery
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Inside Sarajevo Synagogue
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Bey Mosque in Sarajevo
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Assassination of Archduke 1914
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Concert in Sarajevo

• Vedran Smailovic
• Bread line massacre in May 1992
• 22 people killed
• He played 22 days in front of the bakery to
  commemorate the victims
  
• Albinonis Adagio in G Minor

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Hall in Hercegovina (Part IV) Five Topics

• Location, major rivers, mountains, cities
• Language(s), culture, economy of H
• Ethnic composition
• H during the World Wars
• H during the Bosnian conflict

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Herzegovina-Neretva Canton
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Bosnia Herzegovina (Post-Dayton)
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Bosnia Herzegovina
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Mostar Bridge
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Memorial
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Post-War Rebuilding
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Bridge Rebuilt 2004
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Medjugorje
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Entrance
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Pilgrims
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Mariology
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Prebilovci
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Explanations
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One explanation.

• Insanity in individuals is something rare - but
  in groups, parties, nations and epochs, it is the
  rule. (Friedrich Nietzsche)

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Who?

• 1-5 theory
• Initiating event
• Who makes it worse?
• Who makes it better?

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What happened in Macedonia?
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Kosovo and Macedonia

• Tensions still there in late 90s, early 2000s
• Outbreak of violence in spring, 2001 (-UN
  presence)
  
• Hundreds of thousands of refugees in late 90s
• Refugees included Kosovar Albanians, Roms, Turks,
  Serbs, Gorans
  
• Radios in streets announced allegiances, ethnic
  loyalties
  
• Not all divided some ethnic Macedonians and
  Albanians cooperated to serve Western forces

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Time Line

• December 9, 1990 -- Miloevic elected president
  in Serbia's first multi-party election since
  World War II
  
• May events
• Borovo Selo incident
• Yugoslavia to ratify new president of the
  Presidency (see Hall p. 45)
  
• June 25, 1991 -- Croatia and Slovenia proclaim
  independence

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Results of independence movements

• June 1991 -- Yugoslav tanks fail to crush
  Slovenian independence. Fighting begins in
  Croatia between Croats and ethnic Serbs.
  
• December 19, 1991 -- Rebel Serbs declare
  independence in Krajina region which makes up
  almost a third of Croatia.
  
• December 1991 -- In Bosnia, the most ethnically
  mixed Yugoslav republic, Serb minority holds
  unofficial referendum opposing separation from
  Yugoslavia. Local Serb leaders proclaim new
  republic separate from Bosnia

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1992-93

• January 1992 -- U.N. forces enter Croatia and
  fighting subsides.
  
• February 29 - March 1, 1992 -- Bosnia's Muslims
  and Croats vote for independence in referendum
  boycotted by Serbs.
  
• April 6, 1992 -- War breaks out between Bosnian
  government and local Serbs, who start 1992-1995
  siege of capital Sarajevo.
  
• January 1993 -- Bosnia peace efforts fail, war
  breaks out between Muslims and Croats, previously
  allied against Serbs.

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1994-95

• 1995 -- Two major thrusts by Croatian forces
  recover most of Serb-held territory and 150,000
  Serbs flee to Serbia.
  
• November 21, 1995 -- Following NATO air strikes
  against Bosnian Serbs, Miloevic joins presidents
  of Bosnia and Croatia in peace agreement at
  U.S.-sponsored talks at Dayton, Ohio

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Progress since 1995?

• Divided Bosnia
• ICTY indicts and convicts
• 2003 EU takes over policing from UN
• 2004 Peacekeeping handed over to EUFor
• Bridge at Mostar rebuilt

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Dayton Map
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Reading-Discussion Assignment

• Ivo Andrics Bridge on the Drina
• Read through p.153 for this weekthen finish over
  break

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Whats happening?

• Repercussions of Serbian revolutions
• Weakening of Ottoman Empire
• Taking sides forced choices
• Tragic love story of Fata

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Occupation by Austria-Hungary

• Alihodjas ordeal (at hands of Osman Effendi
  Karamanli)
  
• Austrian Emperor-Hungarian King announcement to
  the residents
  
• Friendship of Pop Nikola and Mula Ibrahim
• Political differences
• Reception for Austrian colonel

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Franz Joseph (Habsburg)

• Crowned Emperor of Austria in 1848 at age 18.
• By the summer of 1914 he would be in the 66th
  year of his reign.
  
• Also crowned King of Hungary in 1867 in an
  attempt to calm the situation with the
  problematic Magyars (Hungarians)
  
• Dual Monarchy would last until his death in 1916.

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FJI (2)

• Empire lost holdings in both Italy and Germany
• Mainly an eastern European power.
• Franz Josef was sensitive to these losses
• determined not to allow further decay of the
  empire by losing Austro-Hungarian holdings in the
  Balkans to Serbia
  
• The last monarch of the old school".

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FJI (3)

• Immensely popular among all the various national
  groups that comprised his kingdom
  
• Attributed to the above average standard of
  living that his subjects enjoyed
  
• 1914 he rarely left his palaces but it was not
  out of fear of assassination

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FJI (3)

• Lost major wars to France (1848) and Prussia
  (1866)
  
• Brother, Maximilian, executed in Mexico.
• His son, Crown Prince Rudolph, committed suicide
  in 1889
  
• Wife's assassinated by an anarchist in Geneva
  (1897)
  
• Had numerous difficulties with his nephew and
  heir, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who would be
  assassinated by Serbian nationalists on
  28-Jun-1914 in Sarajevo

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Assassination of Archduke 1914
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Franz Joseph

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Changes

• Viegrad new attention to rules, order,
  organization
  
• Regulations, permits, limits on personal freedom
• Struggles between old and new
• Urban renewal old torn down, replaced with new
• Stone Han replaced with 2-story barracks
• Lights, cleanliness, Serbs, Jews, and women on
  the bridge

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More stories

• Milan Glasicanin (Serb) gambling with the Devil
• Bukus Gaon (Jew) becomes a gambler

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Welcome to Sarajevo

• Directed by Michael Winterbottom
• 1997 film

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Whats Happening?

• Reporters trying to understand
• Different reporting styles question of
  objectivity, taking sides
  
• Relationship with locals

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Struggles with objectivity

• Food for locals the eggs
• Double life dealing with strangers who dont
  have a clue

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Who is the enemy?
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What about the children?
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UN Presence

• What can the UN do?
• What about priorities?
• What are the top 14?

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Documenting the horror

• Concentration camps
• Bombs, snipers, and soldiers

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Personalizing the conflict

• Woody Harrelson visits the father of prisoner
• Stephen takes up the orphans cause
• Promises
• Taking sides?

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Escape from Sarajevo

• Departure
• Stops along the way
• Massacre remains
• Serb patrol
• Arrival in Split

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Concert in Sarajevo

• Vedran Smailovic
• Bread line massacre in May 1992
• 22 people killed
• He played 22 days in front of the bakery to
  commemorate the victims
  
• Albinonis Adagio in G Minor

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