HSPA Review

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HSPA Review
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Unit 1 Introduction to Biology

• Living things
• made of cells
• reproduce grow and develop
• respond to stimuli
• use materials and energy
• evolve over time
• adapt to their environment
• VOCAB
• Equilibrium
• homeostasis

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Unit 2 Organic Biochemistry

• Water is the single most abundant compound in
  living things.
• Four groups of organic molecules found in living
  things are
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• nucleic acids

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Unit 2 Organic Biochemistry

• Carbohydrates
• like sugars and starches
• are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Used for energy

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Unit 2 Organic Biochemistry

• Lipids
• are used to store energy
• but some are important parts of biological
  membranes, and waterproof coverings.

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Unit 2 Organic Biochemistry

• Proteins
• contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen
• used as a structural component of life.
• Amino acids are the monomers of proteins
• function depends on sequence of amino acids.
• Enzymes are specialized proteins
• that may control the rate of reactions and
  regulate cellular activities.

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Unit 2 Organic Biochemistry

• Nucleic Acid
• stores and transmits genetic information from one
  generation of an organism to another.

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Unit 2 Organic Biochemistry

• Indicator
• Lipid
• pH
• Protein
• Solute
• solvent
• substrate

• VOCAB
• Active site
• Carbohydrate
• Cohesion
• equilibrium
• Enzyme
• Hypertonic
• Hypotonic
• dehydration synthesis

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Unit 3 Metabolism Energy and Enzymes

• organisms containing chloroplasts are able to use
  light energy from the Sun to produce food.
  (plants)
• Photosynthesis
• uses the energy of sunlight
• to convert water and carbon dioxide (starting
  materials)
• into high energy sugars and oxygen.
• chlorophyll, a molecule found in the chloroplast

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Unit 3 Metabolism Energy and Enzymes

• The process of photosynthesis includes both
• the light dependent
• light independent reactions.
• Enzymes are specialized proteins that may control
  the rate of reactions and regulate cellular
  activities.

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Unit 3 Metabolism Energy and Enzymes

• VOCAB
• Active site
• Aerobic
• Anaerobic
• Autotroph
• cellular respiration
• Chlorophyll

• Enzyme
• Heterotroph
• lock and key
• Photosynthesis
• substrate

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Unit 4 Ecology

• Each step in a food web/chain is called
  a trophic level.
• Producers make up the first level.
• Consumers make up the second, third,
  or high levels.
• Pyramid shows the relative amounts of
  energy/matter within each trophic level
• Only about 10 of the energy available is
  transferred
• Much of the energy dissipated is lost as heat.
• The environment is a system of interdependent
  components

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Unit 4 Ecology

• Greenhouse gases
• Carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor
• trap heat energy
• maintain Earths temperature range.
• The natural situation
• Temperatures on Earth remain within a range
  suitable for life because the biosphere has a
  natural insulating blanket

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Unit 4 Ecology

• VOCAB
• Abiotic
• Autotroph
• energy pyramid
• Heterotroph
• Species
• Habitat
• Niche

• ozone layer
• Population
• Producer
• Succession
• water cycle

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Unit 5 Humans in the Biosphere

• Ozone layer
• formation
• importance
• Threatened and Endangered species
• Conservation to protect
• entire ecosystems
• single species.
• Protecting an ecosystem will ensure
• Habitats
• interaction of many different species
• The environment is a system of interdependent
  components
• Human activities
• impact the cycling of matter
• Impact the flow of energy

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Unit 5 Humans in the Biosphere

• Human activities
• can reduce biodiversity by altering habitats
• hunting species to extinction,
• introducing toxic compounds into food webs.
• affect the quality and the supply of renewable
  resources such as
• land
• Forests
• Fisheries
• Air
• fresh water

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Unit 5 Humans in the Biosphere

• Humans attempt to maintain balance within an
  ecosystem
• through protection
• Conservation
• preservation of natural resources.

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Unit 5 Humans in the Biosphere

• Sound scientific methods are essential
• in determining the degree of environmental impact
  caused by humans.
• Researchers are
• gathering data to monitor and evaluate the
  effects of human activities.
• Two areas of interest include
• the ozone layer
• global climate system.
• Researchers are urging people to make
  wise choices in the use and
  conservation of
  resources. 

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Unit 5 Humans in the Biosphere

• VOCAB
• Acid rain
• Biome
• Biotic
• Competition
• Consumer

• Ecosystem
• food chain
• global warming
• ozone layer

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Unit 6 Cell Biology

• The cell theory
• all living things are composed of cells
• cells are the basic unit of structure and
  function in living things
• new cells are produced by existing cells

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Unit 6 Cell Biology

• Within the cell are specialized organelles for
• transport of materials (cell membrane)
• energy transformation (mitochondria)
• protein building (ribosomes)
• cellular control (nucleus)
• transport (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
  apparatus, cell membrane)
• energy capture (chloroplast)
• support (cell wall in plants, bacteria and fungi)
• cellular digestion (lysosomes)
• support (cytoskeleton).

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Unit 6 Cell Biology

• The levels of organization
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• organ systems.
• division of labor for multicellular organisms,
• Cells in multicellular organisms develop in
  different ways to perform particular functions
  within the organism.

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Unit 6 Cell Biology

• VOCAB
• Cell theory
• Chlorophyll
• Diffusion
• osmosis

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Unit 7 Cell reproduction

• During the cell cycle
• a cell grows
• prepares for division
• divides to form two daughter cells
• each which then begins the cycle again.
• Biologists divide the events of mitosis into four
  phases.
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• (interphase)

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Unit 7 Cell reproduction

• Two main sources of genetic variation
• mutations
• recombination that results from sexual
  reproduction
• only mutations in germ cells (egg and sperm) can
  be passed on to an organisms offspring.
• Most heritable differences are due to gene
  shuffling that occurs during the production of
  gametes.
• Cross-over
• that occurs during meiosis
• further increases the number of different
  genotypes that can appear in an offspring.
• Characteristics are inherited as a result of
  hereditary factors called genes.

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Unit 7 Cell reproduction

• VOCAB
• Chromatid
• cross-over
• Diploid
• germ cells
• Haploid
• Recombination - processes of crossing over or
  independent assortment, results in children not
  looking like parents
• Recombinant - A person with a new combination of
  genes, a combination of genes not present in
  either parent, due to parental recombination of
  those genes
• tetrad

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Unit 8 DNA Protein Synthesis

• Changes in DNA (mutations) can occur
  spontaneously at low rates.
• Inserting
• Deleting
• substituting DNA segments can alter genes.
• An altered gene may be passed on to every cell
  that develops from it.
• The resulting change may help, harm, or have
  little effect on an offsprings success in its
  environment.

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Unit 8 DNA Protein Synthesis

• Each strand in a DNA ladder is made up of a chain
  of nucleotides.
• Two strands in the DNA ladder are held together
  by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases
• adenine and thymine
• guanine  and cytosine.

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Unit 8 DNA Protein Synthesis

• During replication
• a DNA molecule separates into two strands
• then produces two complimentary strands following
  the rules of base pairing.

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Unit 8 DNA Protein Synthesis

• There are three main types of RNA
• mRNA,
• tRNA,
• rRNA.
• transcription make RNA
• RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a
  template
• Then nucleotides are assembled into a strand of
  mRNA.
• translation make Protein
• the cell uses information from mRNA
• to produce proteins.
• Characteristics are inherited as a result of
  hereditary factors called genes.

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Unit 8 DNA Protein Synthesis

• VOCAB
• Adenine
• Cytosine
• Deletion
• Guanine
• nitrogen base
• Nucleotide

• Purine
• Pyrimidine
• Replication
• Thymine
• Transcription
• Translation
• uracil

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Unit 9 Patterns of Heredity

• Biologists realize that there are two main
  sources of genetic variation
• Mutations
• recombination that results from sexual
  reproduction
• When alleles are recombined they can produce
  different phenotypes. (Hh)

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Unit 9 Patterns of Heredity

• Punnett square used to predict traits an
  offspring
• principle of dominance states that some genes are
  dominant and some are recessive.
• Recessive traits from one parent may be hidden
• Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive.
• Codominance
• two alleles contribute to the phenotype
• i.e. IA IB

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Unit 9 Patterns of Heredity

• Our understanding of genetics has lead to the
  improved varieties of plants, animals, and
  medicines through the application of technology.
• selected breeding for particular traits.
• Genetic engineering
• deliberate mutations
• maintained as new varieties.
• The Human Genome Project is an ongoing effort to
  analyze the human DNA sequence.
• Information about the human genome might be used
  to cure genetic disorders by gene therapy. The
  technique may replace an absent or faulty gene.
• Analyzing DNA sequences may reveal the degree of
  relatedness among individuals.

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Unit 9 Patterns of Heredity

• VOCAB
• incomplete dominance
• Karyotype
• Pedigree
• Phenotype
• Polygenic
• test-cross

• Allele
• Dihybrid
• F1 cross
• F2 cross
• Genotype
• Recombination
• Heterozygous
• Homozygous

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Unit 10 Evolution

• Organisms are now grouped into categories that
  represent lines of evolutionary decent, or
  phylogeny.
• Scientists have now found that the genes of
  organisms show important similarities at the
  molecular level.
• Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine
  classification and evolutionary relationship.
• To refine the process of evolutionary
  classification, many biologists now prefer a
  method called cladistic analysis.

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Unit 10 Evolution

• Earth to be many billions of years old
• the processes that had changed Earth in the past
  are the same processes that operate in the
  present.
• Biological evolution - Earths present day
  species developed from earlier, distinctly
  different species.
• Natural selection results in changes in the
  inherited characteristics of a population.
• These changes increase a species fitness in its
  environment.

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Unit 10 Evolution

• evidence that supports the theory of evolution.
• fossil record
• Structural
• embryological similarities between species
• geographically isolated - results in Species are
  reproductively distinct groups of organisms

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Unit 10 Evolution

• VOCAB
• Adaptation
• adaptive radiation
• Analogous
• Cladogram,
• convergent evolution
• derived characteristic
• divergent evolution
• Evolution
• Taxonomy.

• Extinction
• fossil record
• Homologous
• natural selection
• Phylogeny
• punctuated equilibrium
• Recombination
• Species
• Taxon

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Unit 11 Classification Taxonomy

• they realized that a two kingdom ( Plantae and
  Animalia) classification system did not
  adequately represent the full diversity of life.
• The six-kingdom system of classification includes
  the kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria,
  Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
• Early systems of classification grouped organisms
  together based on visible characteristics.
• Organisms are now grouped into categories that
  represent lines of evolutionary decent, or
  phylogeny.
• genes of organisms show important similarities at
  the molecular level.
• Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine
  classification and evolutionary relationship.
• To refine the process of evolutionary
  classification, many biologists now prefer a
  method called cladistic analysis.
• Molecular analysis has recently given rise to a
  new taxonomic grouping, the domain.

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Unit 11 Classification Taxonomy

• VOCAB
• Cladogram
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylogeny
• Species
• taxon
• Taxonomy

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Unit 12 Disease the Immune System

• Pathogens are defined as disease causing agents
• Bacteria are pathogens that produce disease two
  general ways.
• Some bacteria damage cells by breaking down the
  cells for food, while
• others release toxins (poisons) that travel
  throughout the body interfering with normal
  biological activities.
• Viruses produce disease by disrupting the bodys
  normal equilibrium.
• virus is inside a host cell, two different
  processes may occur.
• lytic
• lysogenic infection.

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Unit 12 Disease the Immune System

• Advances in technology give todays human beings
  a better chance of staying healthier.
• Antibiotics are compounds
• that kill bacteria without harming human cells.
• Antibiotics have no effect on viruses.
• Antiviral drugs have been developed to fight
  certain viral diseases. These drugs inhibit the
  ability of viruses to invade and multiply inside
  living cells.

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Unit 12 Disease the Immune System

• VOCAB
• Lysogenic
• lytic