Todays Issues:

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Todays Issues Africa
European colonialism of the 1800s has left most
of todays independent African nations with
economic, health, educational, and political
problems.
A soldier stands guard in Goma, Democratic
Republic of Congo.

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Todays Issues Africa
SECTION 1
Economic Development
Health Care
SECTION 2
Case Study
Effects of Colonialism
Unit Map Physical
Unit Map Political
Unit Atlas Physical
Unit Atlas Political
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Africas history of colonization has had
long-term effects on its economy.
Barriers to African economic development
include illiteracy, foreign debt, and a lack of
manufacturing industries.
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SECTION
Economic Development
1
Africas Economy Today
A History of Problems Most countries do little
manufacturing - sell raw materials to industria
lized countries European colonizers exploited
Africas resources, people - millions sold into
slavery or died from harsh working conditions
Land was mined, drilled environment was igno
red All this has limited Africas economic gro
wth, political stability
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Africas Economy Today
Africas Economic Status Most African countrie
s are worse off today than in 1960
- average incomes have decreased
- worldwide accounts for 1 of total GNP, 1.5
of exports Lack crucial infrastructure (roads
, airports, railroads, ports)
Little access to computers or high technology
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SECTION
1
On the Road to Development
Reducing Debt and Increasing Cooperation
Newly independent countries borrowed money to
build economies - total debt of sub-Saharan gove
rnments was 227 billion by 1997
- many Western leaders push to forgive Africas
debts Trying to improve economies through r
egional cooperation - Economic Community of Wes
t African States (ECOWAS) - Southern African
Development Community (SADC) - groups promo
te trade, improvement of infrastructure
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued On the Road to Development
Building Industries One-commodity countries
rely on export of one or two commodities
- commodityagricultural or mining product that
can be sold - value varies daily based on wo
rldwide supply and demand - this makes one-co
mmodity nations economies unstable Econo
mists want Africans to diversifycreate variety
in economies - promote manufacturing to achieve
economic growth and stabilty East Africas
Djibouti established shipping center on Gulf of
Aden
Map
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SECTION
1
Educating Workers
Improving Education Uneducated populace is a l
arge barrier to economic development
Average schooling time for women up only 1.2
years in last 40 years In Angola and Somalia,
civil wars have destroyed school systems
But in Algeria, 94 get a formal education
- 83 of Mauritians over 15 are literate
Reversing the Brain Drain Many professionals m
igrate to Western nations - International Organi
zation for Migration urges
return
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Epidemic diseases are killing Africas people
in huge numbers.
African nations and countries around the world
are using a variety of methods, including
education, to eradicate disease.
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SECTION
Health Care
2
Disease and Despair
Serious Diseases Cholerasometimes fatal infe
ction - spread by poor sanitation, lack of clean
water Malariaoften-fatal infectious disease
marked by chills, fever - carried by mosquitoes
resistant to drugs due to overuse Acquire
d immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)caused by HIV
virus - 70 of adult, 80 of child AIDS cases ar
e in Africa - often paired with tuberculosis
infectious respiratory infection
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SECTION
2
AIDS Stalks the Continent
Africa Bears the Brunt 3 million died from AID
S worldwide in 2000 - 2.4 million lived in sub-S
aharan Africa In Swaziland, 3 of 4 deaths were
from AIDS - life expectancy has fallen from 58
years to 39 In 2000, 26 million people in Afri
ca had HIV or AIDS
Map
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued AIDS Stalks the Continent
A High Price to Pay Widespread disease has eco
nomic consequences - sick people work less or no
t at all, earn less, slip into poverty AID
S is lowering South Africas GDP
- by 2010, it could be 17 lower compared to
without AIDS Medical care for AIDS patients
is expensive - UNAIDS estimates 4.63 billion n
eeded to fight AIDS in Africa - UNAIDSUnite
d Nations program studying AIDS epidemic
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SECTION
2
Nations Respond
A Variety of Answers Since 1930s, spraying pro
grams used to reduce insect numbers
- fight malaria, other insect-borne diseases
In 2000, the Global Fund for Childrens
Vaccines pledged money - 250 million over next
5 years for worldwide immunizations Gabon
using oil revenues to upgrade its health care
system African Development Fund loaned Mozamb
ique 12.3 million dollars - money to be used to
upgrade public health facilities
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Nations Respond
Strategies Against AIDS South Africa, Brazil w
ork together on AIDS prevention, care
- Brazil has public health policies to fight
AIDS, other diseases - Brazils policies are
considered a model for developing nations
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Nations Respond
Success Stories Uganda and Senegal have reduce
d spread of HIV - in 1997, Uganda offers same-da
y HIV tests, education programs - infection
rates among 15 to 24 year olds have
dropped 50 Senegal controls spread of AIDS
with intensive education program
- infection rates have been below 2 since mid-
1980s UNAIDS says HIV infection rates in su
b-Saharan Africa are down - 19992000 dropped b
y 200,000 cases, but figure may be misleading
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Effects of Colonialism
Case Study
How can African nations bring peace and stability
to their people?
BACKGROUND Early 19th century Africa was home
to great empires, rich cultures
By the end of the 19th centurypoverty and
violence Many of Africas problems stem from
European colonialism
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Effects of Colonialism
Case Study
Colonizing Africa
Europeans in Africa Portuguese establish coas
tal trading stations in the 1400s
By mid-1800s, Europeans seek Africas rich
natural resources - need raw materials for indus
trial economies, markets to sell goods Berl
in Conference (1884-85) sets rules for dividing
up Africa
Continued . . .
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Case Study
continued Colonizing Africa
Europeans in Africa European control begins t
o fade in 20th century - most countries gain ind
ependence in 1960s Long-term damage to cultura
l and ethnic boundaries, economy
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Case Study
Challenges of Independence
Colonial Transition Departing Europeans did n
ot leave Africa with stable governments
- newly established nations suffered
dictators and civil wars Europeans did not
understand Africas ethnic diversity
- drew country boundaries combining
historical enemies
Map
Map
Continued . . .
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Case Study
continued Challenges of Independence
Colonial Transition Germany and Belgium aggra
vated historically tense ethnic relations
- Rwanda, Burundi include Hutu, Tutsi groups
war erupts in 1990s - this ethnic conflict took
the lives of hundreds of thousands
Continued . . .
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Case Study
continued Challenges of Independence
Colonial Transition Colonial boundaries creat
e problems for many African governments
- difficult to get different ethnic groups to
cooperate Dictators like Mobutu Sese Seko be
came common - Mobutu ruled what is now the Democ
ratic Republic of the Congo Many Africans ha
ve no experience living in democratic governments
Continued . . .
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Case Study
continued Challenges of Independence
Cause for Hope Primary goal is to establish d
emocratic traditions - political stability neede
d for peace and prosperity Some progress is
being made, for example in South Africa
- white minority government yielded power to
black majority in 1994 - ended decades of gover
nment-sanctioned racial discrimination
Continued . . .
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Case Study
continued Challenges of Independence
Cause for Hope In 2001, Ghana peacefully elec
ted a new president - a change from the coups, a
ssassinations of previous governments
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