NONHUMAN PRIMATE DISEASES

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• NON-HUMAN PRIMATE DISEASES

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TUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis transmission
human contact direct contact, aerosol,
ingestion, secretions or fomites rare in wild
NHP, NHP more susceptible than HP clinical signs
usually none until advanced coughing,
lymphadenopathy, lethargy, wasting, inappetence,
death
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pathology
yellow- white granulomas in many organs (liver,
spleen, lung, lymph nodes) acid fast stains
bacilli in granulomas
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intradermal TB testing
Mammalian Old Tuberculin (MOT) in upper
eyelid read and graded at 24, 48, 72 hours
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TB GRADING
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other diagnostic tests
culture PCR serology radiographs
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treatment

• usually none, cull positives
• zoonotic disease

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MYCOBACTERIOSIS

• Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare
• transmission respiratory, oral, cutaneous
• clinical signs immunocompromised diarrhea,
  weight loss, lymphadenopathy
• pathology thickened intestine enlarged,
  yellow-white mesenteric lymph nodes
• diagnosis PCR, culture

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JOHNES DISEASE

• Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
• clinical signs diarrhea, wasting
• pathology intestine thickened, enlarged
  mesenteric lymph nodes

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SHIGELLOSIS

• Shigella flexneri, S. sonnei
• transmission fecal-oral carriers common
• captive colonies initially infected through human
  contact rare in wild NHP
• zoonosis yes

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clinical signs

• adults asymptomatic or mild
• young or immunocompromised severe
• soft stool, fluid diarrhea, mucoid, bloody
  diarrhea with mucosa shreds, weakness, rectal
  prolapse, death

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pathology

• colitis with mucosal edema, hemorrhage, erosion,
  necrosis, pseudomembrane
• /- abortion, gingivitis, air sac infection

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CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS

• Campylobacter fetus, C. jejuni, C. coli
• transmission fecal-oral carriers common
• clinical signs bloody diarrhea, abortion
• pathology small intestine and colon red rough,
  edematous mucosa with hyperplasia, erosions
• diagnosis culture (special media and conditions)

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SALMONELLOSIS

• Salmonella enteriditis, S. typhimurium
• transmission fecal-oral carriers common
• clinical signs asymptomatic diarrhea

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pathology

• small intestine and colon villi shortened, crypt
  abscesses, edema, ulceration
• septicemia multifocal necrosis of organs

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BACTERIAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES

• stress related outbreaks shipping, crowding
• clinical signs bronchopneumonia with nasal
  discharge, air sac empyema meningitis,
  encephalitis

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HERPES B

• macaques are reservoir persistent infection
• asymptomatic carriers common oral vesicles and
  ulcers conjunctivitis

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transmission

• virus in oral and genital secretions, vesicular
  fluid
• bite, scratch, direct contact, fomites, aerosol
• latent in sensory ganglia
• asymptomatic animals can shed!

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pathology in non-macaques

• HP, other NHP species
• severe, usually fatal disease
• vesicles focal necrosis in liver, kidney
  encephalitis

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diagnosis and treatment

• diagnosis lesions, serology, culture, PCR
• treatment none, cull positives

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management

• zoonotic disease
• assume all macaques infected and shedding
• protective clothing
• anesthetize monkeys
• wash and report all wounds and exposures

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HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS

• HP natural reservoir (vesicles)
• mild disease chimpanzee, gibbon
• oral vesicles and ulcers

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clinical signs/pathology

• severe diseaseowl monkey, marmoset, tamarin,
  lemur, tree shrew
• conjunctivitis, encephalitis, visceral organ
  necrosis, death

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MEASLES

• human measles virus
• transmission aerosol, human contact
• clinical signs immunosuppression, rash,
  conjunctivitis, facial erythema, pneumonia,
  diarrhea, abortion, Koplik spots

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OWM

• interstitial pneumonia

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NWM

• gastroenterocolitis
• ulcerative, fatal

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pathology

• interstitial pneumonia, ulcerative enterocolitis,
  lymphoid depletion, rash, syncytial cells

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SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

• Retroviridae, lentivirus
• isolates genomically different, in different NHP
  species
• transmission believed to be similar to HIV
• non-macaques virus isolated, no disease

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macaques

• immunodeficiency
• rash, lymphadenopathy
• pneumonia, encephalitis, weight loss, diarrhea,
  anemia, thrombocytopenia, neoplasia
• zoonosis potential

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SIMIAN RETROVIRUS

• Retroviridae, betaretrovirus
• transmission bite, scratch, grooming, perinatal,
  vertical
• macaques common, SAIDS

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SAIDS

• Immunodeficiency
• lymphadenopathy, lymphoid depletion
• splenomegaly, weight loss, fever, chronic
  diarrhea, pancytopenia

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SAIDS

• necrotizing gingivitis
• (NOMA/ cancrum oris)
• retroperitoneal and sq fibromatosis

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EBOLA (Reston)

• F Filoviridae, g filovirus
• sp Marburg and Ebola (4 serotypes)
• transmission direct contact, aerosol, fomites
  shed from all surfaces, orifices
• reservoir host bats?

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clinical signs/patholgy

• non-macaques asymptomatic carriers
• macaques fatal disease
• rash, fever, diarrhea
• hemorrhagepetechiae, gi tract
• necrosis liver, adrenal glands, splenic lymphoid
  tissue
• DIC

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• management dont mix macaques with african NHPs
• zoonosis Yes
• reston much less pathogenic to HP than other
  ebolas and marburg

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SIMIAN HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS

• F Arteriviridae
• african monkeys asymptomatic, persistent
• macaques severe disease
• african to macaque parenteral blood or tissue
• macaque to macaque contact, aerosol, fomites
• fever, anorexia, lethargy, DIC
• hemorrhage epistaxis, hematuria, melena,
  eccymoses, petechiae

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pathology

• proximal duodenum hemorrhage, necrosis
• necrosis lymphoid tissue, liver, kidney, brain,
  lung
• hemorrhage dermis, mucosa, lungs,
  intestine, visceral organs

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MONKEY POX

• Orthopoxvirus
• OWM, NWM, apes
• contact, wounds
• zoonosis yes

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clinical signs/pathology

• cutaneous papules, vesicles, umbilicated

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BEMP/TANAPOX

• yatapox
• macaques
• contact
• zoonosis yes

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clinical signs/patholgy

• red papules, plaques, ulcerate, umbilicated

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YABA MONKEY POX

• yatapoxvirus
• macaque, baboon, HP
• mosquito vector
• zoonosis yes

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clinical signs/pathology

• subcutaneous nodules, ulcerate

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MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOUSUM

• molluscipoxvirus
• NHP(chimps), HP
• transmission unknown
• zoonosis yes

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clinical signs/pathology

• smooth papules, waxy core

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RESPIRATORY MITES

• Pneumonyssus simicola
• transmission unknown, close contact
• clinical signs none cough, dyspnea

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pathology

• mite houses yellow cysts with mites
• chronic bronchiolits, granulomatous inflammation
• mite pigment brown, refractile

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RESPIRATORY MITES

• Rhinophaga spp.
• OWM, apes
• clinical signs none polyps

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STRONGYLOIDES

• S. cebus, S. fulleborni, S. stercoralis
• transmission oral or skin penetration 3rd stage
  larvae

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clinical signs/pathology

• ulcerative, hemorrhagic enterocolitis
• small intestine granulomas
• colitis in hyperinfection

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PINWORMS

• Enterobius sp, Trypanoxyuris sp, Oxyuronema sp
• clinical signs excoriating pruritis
• zoonosis yes

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AMEBIASIS

• Entamoeba histolytica
• NWM,OWM, apes
• clinical signs none diarrhea, weight loss,
  vomiting
• zoonosis yes

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pathology

• granulomatous, ulcerative colitis
• flask shaped ulcers-mucosa and muscularis
• abscesses in brain, liver, lung

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BALANTIDIUM

• Balantidium coli
• NWM, OWM, apes
• zoonosis yes

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clinical signs/pathology

• usually none
• apes
• diarrhea, tenesmus, rectal prolapse
• gi ulcers

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ENDOMETRIOSIS

• ectopic endometrial tissue
• clinical signs abdominal swelling and pain,
  constipation, anemia, uremia
• pathology chocolate cysts, fibrosis and
  adhesions, obstructed intestines or ureters

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PERIODONTAL DISEASE

• associated with Shigellosis, SRV
• imbalance of oral flora
• slightly red gingiva
• necrosis of gingiva /- bone

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BLOAT

• multifactorial
• clinical signs FD swollen, taut abdomen
  respiratory distress shock

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pathology

• stomach distended with gas, brown fluid
• stomach ruptured
• intestine congested

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TRAUMA

• fighting
• breeding
• new individual in social group
• change in social group
• rhesus
• muscle necrosis, gangrene, myoglobinuric
  nephrosis, hyperkalemia

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SELF-TRAUMA

• psychological disorder
• bites, hair pulling
• environmental enrichment
• group housing
• toys, foraging, videos
• drugs (haloperidol)

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VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY

• scurvy
• NHP lack L-gulonolactone oxidase
• vitamin C necessary for collagen formation
• blood vessels
• bone

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clinical signs/pathology

• hemorrhage, anemia
• abnormal ossification
• epiphyseal fractures

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VITAMIN D3 DEFICIENCY

• simian bone disease
• nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
• NWM cannot use D2, need D3
• CaP imbalance

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clinical signs/patholgy

• kyphosis, distorted limbs, pathologic fractures,
  decreased bone density

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HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

• NWM, macaques, apes
• NWM CHF, ascites, hypertension, pulmonary edema,
  posterior paralysis (saddle thrombus),
  cardiomegaly and hypertrophy, atherosclerosis
  (owl m)
• macaques old, no cs
• apes obesity in middle aged, acute death,
  myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis

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MARMOSET COLITIS/ WASTING SYNDROME

• low protein diet?
• clinical signs weight loss, muscle atrophy, hair
  loss, ventral abdominal edema, anemia, chronic
  colitis or megacolon
• marmoset jelly (purina)