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M.C. Juan Carlos Olivares Rojas
Operating Systems jolivares_at_uvaq.edu.mx February,
2009
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Outline

• Operating Systems History
• Basic Concept about OS
• OS Architecture
• Monolitic
• By Layers
• Microkernel
• Others
• OS Virtualization
• OS Installation (Solaris, Windows 7, Linux,
  FreeBSD, MacOSX).

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Operating System Description

• Whats an Operating System?
• Its a software which control a computer, It acts
  like a Human-Machine Interface. It manages all
  the resources (hardware and software) of a
  Computer System.
• Whats a System?
• Its a set of elements which are interrelated
  for achiving a common objective.

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Introduction
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Operating Systems

• The objective of an Operating System is the
  operation of a Computer.
• Its the computer principal software which
  execute when the computer is turned on.
• Does a calculator have an Operating System? Why?

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Introduction
Bank Systems
Reservation
Web Browser
Application programs
Compilers
Editors
Command Interpreter
System programs
OPERATING SYSTEM
Machine Language
Hardware
Microprogramming
Physical Devices
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Operating Systems

• The Operating System development is influented by
  technological development. The Operating System
  premisses (objective function) are
• Minimize the effort (human-machine frontier).
• Maximize the computer resources performance

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Operating Systems

• The principal resources managed by an Operating
  System are
• Process, Tasks, Applications (Process Management)
• Devices, Peripherals (I/O Management)
• Memory (Memory Management)
• Data (File System)

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Operating Systems
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Operating Systems

• The esential part of an Operating System is the
  Kernel.
• An Operating System is executed in supervisor
  mode of the microprocessor (it can access all
  microprocessor functions).
• The programs are executed in user mode.

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Operating Systems

• The Operating Systems actions depends of the
  applications that run on it.
• Its no the same resource administration for a
  monouser system than multiuser system, or process
  administration in a multitask system than
  time-sharing system.
• Operating Systems are totally dependent of
  computer architectures.

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Operating Systems

• This is the reason why Operating Systems such as
  Windows can not be executed over Power PC
  Architectures, because its linked an x86 Intel
  Architecture.
• Recently 64 bits microprocessor are becoming
  popular, for this reason is necesary and special
  operating Systems for the correct resources
  utilization.

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Operating Systems

• Actually Operating System supports multitasking
  and concurrence in native form on multiprocessor
  or multicore processors.
• For the good use of resources, Operating Systems
  need to use politics and control mechanism. An
  Operating System has to plan, control, drive and
  execute all the system operations.

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Operating Systems

• The programs can access directly to some function
  in superivor mode throught a System Call.
• An operating System has an interface to users and
  other interface to programms (programmers).
• In UNIX this distnction doesnt exist.

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Operating Systems

• As well hardware and software are not mutually
  exclussive (they are a binom). Operating System
  are in the middle of this resources.
• Actually the trend is construct operating Systems
  for Emedded Devices such as ATM, watchs, PDAs,
  cell phones, electrodoméstics, etc.

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Operating Systems

• Another Operating Systems which are growing are
  Real-Time OS.
• Examples of Operating Systems are DOS, Windows,
  Unix, Linux, Mac OS X, among others.

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Operating Systems History

• Quiz1
• What was the firt OS for 32 Bits PCs?
• When was Linux OS appear?
• What was the first important OS constructed
  enterily in high level programming language?
• What is the most recent Linux Version?

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Operating System History

• In the begining Turing created the machine
• The Operating System History comes hand in hand
  with hardware and software evolution.
• The computer paradigms have changed with the pass
  of the times, for instance de 1950-1970 decade
  the concept of one computer many users appears.

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Operating Systems History

• In1980-1990 decade the computer paradigm shifted
  to one computer one user.
• Finally in this decade, the paradigm shift to
  one user many computers.

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Operating Systems

• In the Generation 0 (1940s) and First Generation
  (1950s) the Operating System doesnt exist,
  reason why users have to configure the circuits
  for operating the machine.
• The second generation (1960s) appears the first
  OS which principal fuction was to act like a
  extended machine.

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Operating System History

• All the OS was constructed in assembler language,
  reason why it was totally dependant of the
  machine.
• The OS only can manipulate some peripherals. The
  batch processing was used to improve the
  resources use.
• In Third Generation (1970s) OS was more complex
  because they used concepts such as
  multiprogramming and time-sharing.

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Operating Systems

• Unix was the first OS constructed in a High-Level
  Language (C Languaje) with only the critical part
  (I/O) in assembler.
• In the Fourth Generation (1980s) appears the
  first extremely-used OS in PCs DOS and Windows.
  Reason why OS was more complex and more easy to
  use.

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Operating System History

• Since 1990 the computer network utilization
  (overall Internet) and multimedia in OS was
  extended in such way than today are present in
  any OS.
• Activity in personal Way write a essay with the
  three most important Linux commandments, describe
  why this three point are important for you

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Introduction
IBSYS
IOCS
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 03
CTSS
DOS/360
OS/360
MULTICS
CP/CM5
RSX-11M
UNIX
TSO
RT-11
CP/M
UNIXV.7
VMS 1.0
DOS/VDSE
MVS/370
VM/370
4.1BSD
XENIX
MS-DOS 1.0
SYSTEM III
DR/DOS
SUN OS
4.2BSD
VS
MVS/XA
VM/XA
SYSTEM V
AIX
OS/2
POSIX
MACH
WIN 3.0
4.3BSD
OSF/1
VMS 5.4
WIN 3.1
AIX/370
SYSTEM V.4
VS/ESA
MVS/ES
VM/ESA
AIX/ESA
SOLARIS 2
LINUX
4.4BSD
WIN NT
WIN 9X
WIN 2000
VMS 7.3
WIN XP
LINUX 2.6
SOLARIS 10
WIN Server 2003
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Windows and Linux Evolution
1970
1980
1990
2000
VMS v1.0
NT 4.0
Server 2003
Windows XP
Windows 2000
Windows NT 3.1
1970
1980
1990
2000
v2.0
v2.2
v2.3
v2.4
v2.6
Linux v1.0
UNIX V6
UNIX público
Nacimiento de UNIX
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Operating System Basic Concepts

• ACTIVITY
• The principal aspects of an Operating Systems
  are process, file, shell and system calls.
• In pairs, explain with practical exercises how we
  can note this concept in a OS.
• Develops a Rubric with your own metrics (5 or
  more) and evaluate the follow OS Linux, Windows
  6.0, Solaris 10, Mac OS X 10.5

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OS Basic Concepts

• Process is a program in execution.
• File basic unit of persistent storage
  information
• Shell a part in an OS which functions like an
  interface (front end) between programms and user
  with OS (back end). This term generally is
  focused in Command Line Interfaces (CLI).

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OS Basic Concepts

• System Call is the way in how programs can acess
  to supervisor mode instructions of microprocessor
  throught kernel.
• Its important dont confuse the call system and
  command terms for instance, kill is a command
  (calling by usuers) which let to send signals to
  process and kill() is system call (calling by a
  programm) which do the same.

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OS Structure

• Operating Systems have evolutioned in its
  internal form trying to achive its performance.
• All OS have a process which fuction is load the
  OS and the Applications, this process is called
  Loader. For instance, Linux have loader like LILO
  (Linux LOader) and Grub.
• The loader use a boostrap to expand the OS.

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OS Structure

• All OS have a core process called Kernel, it has
  the basic routines of an OS.
• Some OS use the microkernel concept, this have
  the function to coordinate to the other parts of
  an OS such as I/O Devices, Process, Memory and
  File Systems.
• The structure of and OS could be different but in
  most of the time are very similar because some OS
  use Open Standards.

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OS Architecture

• The first structure for an OS was Monolithic
  Structure. This doesnt have any real structure,
  this is the reason why OS is only one big process
  called Kernel.
• Other well-know structure for OS is client-server
  model in where OS have server process management
  each one of system resources and kernel functions
  in base a one client making request to servers.

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Monolithic Architecture
App
App
User Mode
Kernel Mode
System Services
OS Procedures
Hardware
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OS Architecture

• This Client-Server function has to let OS
  portability to another architectures such as
  distrubted architectures, where each service
  could be localizate in diferent remote machines.
• Other Architecture was Ring Architecture, where
  OS is structured in concentric circles called
  Rings. Each Ring has a well-defined structure.

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OS Architecture

• The most used Architecture in OS is Layer
  Architecture, where Layers are divided in
  diferente levels like Ring Architectures. Inside
  each layer can exist two o more levels. Layers
  can interact with higher an lower levels thus in
  the same level.

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Layer Architecture OS
Application Program
Application Program
Application Program
User Mode
Kernel Mode
System Service
File System
I/O and Memory Management System
Process Management
Hardware
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Microkernel Architecture
Memory Server
Client Application
Network Server
Process Server
File Server
Display Server
User Mode
Kernel Mode
Microkernel
Request
Response
Hardware
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Windows NT High-Level Architecture
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Windows NT Architecture
Envinroments Subsystem
Procesos del Sistema
Services
Applications
Windows
OS/2
Session Handler
POSIX
Windows DLLs
System Thread
NTDLL.DLL
System Dispatch System
Windows USER, GDI
(Kernel Mode Interfaceel)
Object Handler
File System Cache
I/O Manager
Plug and Play Manager
Energy Manager
Security Reference Monitor
Virtua Memory
Process and Threads
Local Process Call
Configuration Manager (Registry)
File System and Device Drivers
Grpahical Manager
Kernel
Interfaces de Hardware(buses, Dispositivos de E/S
, interrupcciones, intervalos de temporizadores,
DMA, control de memoria cache , etc.)
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
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Windows NT Architecture

• Kernel and Executive are located at ntoskrnl.exe
  program
• Inside Executive are located File, Memory and
  Process Manager.
• Device Handler are located in files with .sys
  management.

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Windows NT Architecture

• Wndows Handler is located windowsk.sys file
• HAL is located at hal.dll
• Most of Windows Code is writed in C, some of this
  component are developed at C. One of the trends
  is writing legacy modules in C
• Operating System such Windows Vista has more than
  20 millions of line of codes.

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Windows NT Architecture

• Core OS components
• NTOSKRNL.EXE Executive and kernel
• HAL.DLL Hardware abstraction layer
• NTDLL.DLL Internal Support Systems
• Fundamentales System Process
• SMSS.EXE Service Management Process
• WINLOGON.EXE System Authentication Process
• SERVICES.EXE Control Services Process
• LSASS.EXE Local Security Authority Subsystem
• Windows Subsystem
• CSRSS.EXE Windows Process Subsystem
• WIN32K.SYS USER and GDI Components
• KERNEL32/USER32/GDI32.DLL Windows subsystem DLLs

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WoW64

• Win32 over Win64 is the Windows Subsytem which
  Execute Win32 applications in 64-bits
  environments in transparent mode.
• Other diferences implie in the word length of
  data and addressing memory of an OS.
• HOMEWORK Writing a Research Document where
  compares Windows NT Architecture with Linux 2.6.

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WoW64
32-bit EXE, DLLs
32-bit ntdll.dll
Wow64cpu.dll
Wow64win.dll
Wow64.dll
64-bit ntdll.dll
Modo Usuario
Win32k.sys
Ejecutivo
Modo Kernel
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Homework

• Show High-Level Linux Architecture and Explain it
  (40)
• Show the diferences beetwen each module and
  explain how it works. Detail all the modules
  which only exist in Linux or Windows (60).
• Section not present (-10). Without References 0
  is the grade.

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OS Virtualization

• Virtualization isnt a new concept. I was
  originated in 1970s by IBM in its OS VM/360.
• The virtual term means a thing with simulated
  existence Abstraction.
• Every Problem in Computing Science can be solved
  by adding an indirection layer.

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OS Virtualization

• In Computing a lot of things are virtual
• Virtual Reality
• VLAN (Virtual LAN)
• VNC (Virtual NetworkComputing)
• VPN (Virtual PrivateNetwork)
• Virtual Memory
• Virtual Storage
• JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
• .

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OS Virtualization

• Actual Problems in OS
• Security (viruses)
• Legacy Software
• Performance
• Incompatibility between applications in diferent
  OS
• All these problems can be solved through
  Virtualization.
• Virtualization is another OS Architecture using
  and special core element called Exokernel.

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OS Virtualization

• Aproximately only 10 of time a computer is
  working.
• Virtualization Freedom. One server can be the
  work of many
• Around 20 (in 2006 10) of server are
  virtualized.

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OS Virtualization
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OS Virtualization

• Some virtualization tools are
• Bochs and QEMU (emulation)
• VMWARE, Virtual PC, Virtual Box, Parallels
  Workstation (Completed Virtualization)
• Xen andUser-ModeLinux (UML) paravirtualization
• Linux V-Server and OpenVZvirtualización (OS
  Virtualized)

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OS Virtualization
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OS Virtualization
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OS Virtualization
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Homework

• Installing the OS in a Virtual Machine.
• Show the installation process

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