Industrial Solid Waste Management

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Industrial Solid Waste Management

• Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. and Vigil, S.
  (1993) Integrated Solid Waste Management,
  McGraw-Hill, Inc., Singapore
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What are solid wastes?

• All wastes happening from human and animal
  activities
• Normally solid
• Discarded as useless or unwanted
• Urban community, Agricultural, Industrial and
  Mineral wastes

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Materials Flow and Waste Generation
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Solid Waste Management

• The discipline associated with the control of
  generation, storage, collection, transfer and
  transport, processing, and disposal of solid
  wastes in a manner that is in accord with the
  best principles of public health, economics,
  engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other
  environmental considerations, and that is also
  responsive to public attitudes.

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Solid Waste Management (continued)

• Complex interdisciplinary relationships among
  political science, city and regional planning,
  geography, economics, public health, sociology,
  demography, communications, and conservation, as
  well as engineering and materials science

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Interrelationships between the functional
elements in a solid waste management system
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Waste handling, separation, storage, and
processing at the source

• Handling and separation involve the activities
  associated with management of wastes until they
  are placed in storage containers for collection.
• The best place to separate waste materials for
  reuse and recycling is at the source of
  generation (currently, also for hazardous wastes).

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Collection

• Include the gathering and the transport of these
  materials
• In large cities, where the haul distance to the
  point of disposal is greater than 15 miles, the
  haul may have significant economic implications.
• Transfer and transport facilities are normally
  used where long distances are involved

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Separation and processing and transformation of
solid waste

• Separated wastes are recovered by three means,
  i.e. curbside collection, drop off, and buy back
  centres.
• Processing includes e.g. the separation of bulky
  items, size reduction by shredding, separation of
  ferrous metals using magnets.
• Transformation processes are used to reduce the
  volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and
  to recover conversion products and energy.

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Transfer and Transport

1. The transfer of wastes from the smaller
   collection vehicle to the larger transport
   equipment
2. The subsequent transport of the wastes, usually
   over long distances, to a processing or disposal
   site

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Disposal

• Landfilling or landspreading is the ultimate fate
  of all solid wastes.
• A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump it is
  an engineered facility used for disposing of
  solid wastes without creating nuisances or
  hazards to public health or safety.
• EIA is required for all new landfill sites.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management

• The selection and application of suitable
  techniques, technologies, and management programs
  to achieve specific waste management objectives
  and goals

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Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste Management

• Source reduction the most effective way to
  reduce waste quantity
• Recycling involves the separation and
  collection the preparation for reuse,
  reprocessing the reuse, reprocessing
• Waste transformation the physical, chemical, or
  biological alteration of wastes
• Landfilling the least desirable but
  indispensable mean for dealing with wastes

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Sources, Types, and Composition of Industrial
Solid Wastes
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Sources of Solid Wastes

• Residential
• Commercial
• Institutional
• Construction and Demolition
• Municipal services
• Treatment plant sites
• Industrial
• Agricultural

Municipal solid waste (MSW)
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Plastic Materials

• Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE/1)
• High-density polyethylene (HDPE/2)
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC/3)
• Low-density polyethylene (LDPE/4)
• Polypropylene (PP/5)
• Polystyrene (PS/6)
• Other multilayered plastic materials (7)

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Hazardous Wastes
Wastes or combinations of wastes that pose a
substantial present or potential hazard to human
health or living organisms
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Industrial Solid Waste Excluding Process Wastes
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Industrial Solid Waste Excluding Process Wastes
(cont.)
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Determination of the Composition of MSW in the
Field

• Residential MSW 200 lb (90.72kg) of samples is
  considered enough. To obtain a sample, the load
  is first quartered. One part is then selected for
  additional quartering until a sample size of
  about 200 lb (90.72kg) is obtained.
• Commercial and Industrial MSW Samples need to be
  taken directly from the source, not from a mixed
  waste load in a collection vehicle.

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Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of
MSW
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Physical Properties of MSW

• Specific weight
• Moisture content
• Particle size and size distribution
• Field capacity
• Compacted waste porosity

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Chemical Properties of MSW

• The four most important properties if solid
  wastes are to be used as fuel are
• Proximate analysis
• Fusing point of ash
• Ultimate analysis (major elements)
• Energy content

• The major and trace elements are required if the
  MSW is to be composted or used as feedstock

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Proximate Analysis

• Moisture (moisture lost after heated at 105C for
  1 hr.)
• Volatile combustible matter (additional loss of
  weight after ignited at 950C)
• Fixed carbon (combustible residue after volatile
  matter removal)
• Ash (weight of residue after combustion)

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Ultimate Analysis of Solid Waste Components

• Involves the determination of the percent C, H,
  O, N, S, and ash
• Due to the chlorinated compounds emission, the
  determination of halogens is often included.
• Moreover, they are used to define the proper mix
  of waste materials to achieve suitable C/N ratios
  for biological conversion processes.

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Energy Content of Solid Waste Components

• Determined by
• A full scale boiler as a calorimeter
• A laboratory bomb calorimeter
• Calculation, if the elemental composition is known

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Physical Transformations

1. Component separation
2. Mechanical volume reduction
3. Mechanical size reduction

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Chemical Transformations

1. Combustion (chemical oxidation)
2. Pyrolysis
3. Gasification

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Biological Transformations

• Aerobic Composting
• Anaerobic Digestion

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Waste Handling and Separation, Storage, and
Processing at The Source
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Waste Handling and Separation at Commercial and
Industrial Facilities

• Relatively large containers mounted on rollers
  are utilised before being emptied.
• Solid wastes from industrial facilities are
  handled in the same way as those from the
  commercial facilities.

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Storage of Solid Wastes at The Source

• Effects of Storage on Waste Components
  biological decomposition, absorption of fluids,
  contamination of waste components
• Types of Containers

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Processing of Solid Wastes at the Source

• Grinding of Food Wastes
• Separation of Wastes
• Compaction
• Composting
• Combustion

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Collection of Solid Waste
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Introduction

• Difficulties arise from the complexity of the
  sources of solid wastes.
• Due to the high costs of fuel and labour, 50-70
  of total money spent for collection,
  transportation, and disposal in 1992 was used on
  the collection phase.

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Definition of Collection
Gathering or picking up of solid wastes,
including the hauling to and unloading at the
site
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Types of Collection Systems

• Hauled Container Systems (HCS)
• Stationary Container Systems (SCS)

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HCS Conventional Mode
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HCS Exchange Container Mode
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Hauled Container Systems (HCS)

• Pros
• Suited for the removal of wastes from high rate
  of generation sources because relatively large
  containers are used
• Reduce handling time, unsightly accumulations and
  unsanitary conditions
• Require only one truck and driver to complete the
  collection cycle

• Cons
• Each container requires a round trip to the
  disposal site (or transfer point)
• Container size and utilisation are of great
  economic importance

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Personnel Requirements for HCS

• Usually, a single collector-driver is used
• A driver and helper should be used, in some
  cases, for safety reasons or where hazardous
  wastes are to be handled

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SCS
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Stationary Container Systems (SCS)

• Can be used for the collection of all types of
  wastes
• There are two main types mechanically loaded and
  manually loaded
• Internal compaction mechanisms are widely use
  thanks to their economical advantages

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Transfer Operations

• Can be economical when
• Small, manually loaded collection vehicles are
  used for residential wastes and long haul
  distances are involved
• Extremely large quantities of wastes must be
  hauled over long distances
• One transfer station can be used by a number of
  collection vehicles

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Personnel Requirements for SCS

• Mechanically
• The same as for HCS
• A driver and two helpers are used if the
  containers are at the inaccessible locations,
  e.g. congested downtown commercial area

• Manually
• The number of collectors varies from 1 to 3

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Separation and Processing and Transformation of
Solid Waste
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Uses for recovered materials

• Direct reuse
• Raw materials for remanufacturing and
  reprocessing
• Feedstock for biological and chemical conversion
  products
• Fuel source
• Land reclamation

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Unit Operations Used For The Separation and
Processing of Waste Materials

• To modify the physical characteristics of the
  waste
• To remove specific components and contaminants
• To process and prepare the separated materials
  for subsequent uses

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Shredders (a) hammermill (b) fail mill (c) shear
shredder
Trommel
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Baler
Magnetic Separators
Can Crusher
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Facilities for Handling, Moving, and Storing
Waste Materials
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Waste Transformation Through Combustion
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Waste Transformation through Aerobic Composting
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Objectives of Composting

1. To stabilise the biodegradable organic materials
2. To destroy pathogens, insect eggs, etc.
3. To retain the maximum nutrient (N,P,K)
4. To produce fertilizer

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Windrow Composting
Static Pile Composting
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Transfer and Transport
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The Need for Transfer Operations

• Direct hauling is not feasible
• Illegal dumping due to the excessive haul
  distances
• Disposal sites are far from the collection routes
  more than 10 mi
• Use of small-capacity collection vehicles (lt 20
  yd3)
• Low-density residential service area

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The Need for Transfer Operations (continued)

• The use of HCS with small containers for
  commercial sources waste
• The use of hydraulic or pneumatic collection
  systems
• Transfer operation is an integral part of the
  operation of a MRF

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Types of Transfer Station
Direct-load
Storage-load
Storing capacity 1-3 days
Combined direct- and discharge-load
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Disposal of Solid Wastes and Residual Matter
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Development and completion of a landfill
Preparation of the site for landfilling
The placement of wastes
Postclosure management
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Concerns with the Landfilling of Solid Wastes

• The uncontrolled release of landfill gases
• The impact of landfill gases as the greenhouse
  gases
• The uncontrolled release of leachate
• The breeding and harbouring of disease vectors
• The adverse effects of the trace gases arising
  from the hazardous materials

The goal for the design and operation of a
modern landfill is to eliminate or minimize the
impacts associated with these concerns.
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