On the Road to Cleaner Air

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The 2004 World Energy Technologies
Summit February 10 and 11, 2004 Paris, France
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Energy Consumption
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The Architecture of the Energy System
What technology and industry provide
What people want
What Nature Provides
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The Energy System
- Examples -
Oil Refineries
Crude Oil
Transport
ICE Automobile
Gasoline
Oil, Coal, Nuclear, Wind, Solar, Geothermal Ect.
Generators Electrolysers
Hydrogen
Transport
Fuel Cell Vehicle
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Evolution of Land Transportation
Horses
Agriculture
Land Transportation
Hay
Sunlight
Coal Mine
SteamLocomotive
Land Transportation
Coal
Coal
GasolineVehicles
Oil Refinery
Land Transportation
Oil
Gasoline
Steam MethaneReforming
Natural Gas
Fuel CellVehicles
Land Transportation
Hydrogen
Hydro
When hydrogen becomes the staple currency for
transportation then any source can supply the
energy to produce it. This contrasts with how,
historically, the system restricted the choices
to a single source first sunlight, then coal,
and today, crude oil. By using hydrogen as the
transportation currency, all energy sources will
have equal access to supply hydrogen. In the
fullness of time, any energy source will be able
to energize transportation services. An
analogous situation exists today with
electricity any energy source can be used to
generate electrical power and can, therefore
energize any service delivered by an electricity
technology. By contrast, sunlight, nuclear energy
and hydraulic power are effectively blocked from
todays transportation sector.
Electrolysis
Wind
Sunlight
Uranium
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How a Fuel Cell Works
Simplified Version

Air
Electricity
Hydrogen
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Fuel Cell Technology
Advantages

• Electricity Without Combustion
• Continuous Production of
  Electricity as Long as Fuel Supplied
• Environmentally Clean
• High Efficiency
• Modular and Compact
• Use Available Fuels

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Fuel Cell Comparisons
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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
2e-
2e-
PorousCathode
PorousAnode
Air (1/2 O2)
Fuel (H2)
Water Heat
2H
Proton Exchange Membrane
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Typical Early Ballard Fuel Cell Stack
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Fuel Cell Stack Assembly
Hydrogen Flow Plate
Air
Proton Exchange Membrane
Hydrogen
Air Flow Plate
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Early Fuel Cell Stack
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Globe 90 Demo
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Stack Development
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Early Ballard Bus
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Hydrogen Uses Today
Oil Refineries
Steel Mills
Glass Manufacture
Space Shuttle
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Hydrogen Sources

• Extracted from hydrocarbons
• Primarily natural gas, could come from gasoline
• Extracted from alcohols
• Methanol, etc.

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Hydrogen Sources

• Water is a limitless source of hydrogen
• Electricity can be used to manufacture hydrogen
  from water
• Produce electricity cleanly

• Renewables solar, wind, tidal, hydro
• Nuclear

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Obstacles to Mass Commercialization

• 1. Reduce cost by a further order of magnitude
• To less than 50/kW
• 2. Increase durability
• To more than 5,000 hours
• 3. Reduce volume for hydrogen storage

• Every major automotive manufacturer in the world
  is working to overcome these obstacles
• Early commercialization expected by 2010

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Hydricity Cars Fuel at Home
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Power To Go
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Fallacies of Conventional Wisdom

• The family automobile fuel cell engine will be an
  early development
• The oil industry through the corner gas station
  will provide the hydricity infrastructure
• Economies of scale will drive the current fuel
  cell technology to automobile prices

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Hydricity Pack
Solutions

• Replaces battery in minutes
• Runs for 3 times as long as battery
• 2 minute refueling
• No lift truck modifications
• No downtime
• No performance drop
• No wasted space
• Clean, safe environment
• No toxic fuel

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Customers Need a Turn Key Solution
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Family of Products Provides Turn Key Solution
Class II Truck
Class III Truck
Class I Truck
Hydrogen Fueling Stations
Fueling Nozzle
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Global Lift Truck Market Statistics
US 829,000 103,000 81,000
Europe 925,000 185,000 185,000
Asia 157,000 31,000 105,000
Total 1,911,000 319,000 per year 371,000 per
year
Existing electric lift trucks Annual sales of
new electric lift trucks Annual sales of
internal combustion engine lift trucks which fuel
cell systems could displace
Proprietary
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Fallacies of Conventional Wisdom

• The family automobile fuel cell engine will be an
  early development
• The oil industry through the corner gas station
  will provide the hydricity infrastructure
• Economies of scale will drive the current fuel
  cell technology to automobile prices

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Fuel Cell Costs/Prices
Best Available Price Today
0.10 500
4,000/kW 400 hrs duration Equipment cost
4,000/kW 400 hrs
10.00 kWhr
Stack Cost Duration
Stack Cost /kW

Cost /kWhr
0.01 50
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Technology PathTime
2003
2010
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The 2004 World Energy Technologies
Summit February 10 and 11, 2004 Paris, France