KINE 68300 Human Locomotion

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KINE 6/8300 Human Locomotion
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Human Locomotion
Lecture Instructor C. Armstrong Phone
530 5369 Office HHS - 2503 Email
charles.armstrong_at_utoledo.edu Text Whittle,
Michael, Gait Analysis - An Introduction, 3rd
Edition, Butterworth-Heinman Pub.Amazon,
BarnesNoble, etc.
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Human Locomotion
Objectives 1 To provide students with an
understanding of the biomechanical principles
that form the basis for human locomotion 2 To
provide students with an understanding of the
kinematic, temporal/spatial, kinetic, and
electromyographic characteristics of normal
human locomotion. 3 To provide students with a
general overview of the influence on gait of
selected pathological conditions. 4 To provide
students with an understanding of the technical
procedures involved in the analysis of human
gait.
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Human Locomotion
Date Topic

Reading Assignment 8/25 Course
Introduction - Historical Perspective 9/1 Basics
of Gait and Research Basic Sciences and Normal
Gait 9/8 Determinants of Gait and Phasic
Considerations Terminology, timing,
determinants 9/15 Normal Gait Kinematics
Motion Patterns The Gait Cycle 9/22 2-D
GaitTrak Lab GaitTrack Manual Assigned
Reading
9/29 Normal Gait Kinetics Forces, Moments and
Powers GRF Moments, etc. 10/6 3-D OrthoTrak
Lab OTManual Assigned Reading 10/13 Normal
Gait - Muscle patterns Muscular
Activity 10/20 Gait EMG Lab 10/27 Biomechani
cs of Running 11/3 Energetics of
Locomotion Gait in Rehabilitation Chapter
4 11/10 Pathological Gait Pathological
Gait 11/17 Gait Across the Lifespan Gait in
the Young...Elderly and Gait in Rehab
Chaps 7 and 8 11/24 No Class Thanksgiving
Break 12/1 Case Study 12/8 Case
Study 12/15 Case Study
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Human Locomotion
Readings Gait Analysis- An Introduction,
Whittle class text Gait in
Rehabilitation, Smidt Chapters On-Line
GT and OT Manuals Chapters On-Line Assignment
s 1 Research Paper - 50 2 Case Study - 50
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The Study of Human Locomotion

• Historical Perspective

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Significant Periods

• Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D.
• Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.D.
• Italian Renaissance 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D.
• Scientific Revolution 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D.
• Enlightenment 1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D.
• The Gait Century 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D.
• The 20th Century 1900 A.D. 1980 A.D.
• The Computer Age 1900 A.Dpresent

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Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D.

• Significant People/Events
• Pythagoras - all phenomena expained by numbers
• Hipprocrates - Scientific method applied to
  medicine
• Aristotle - Wrote About the Movement of Animals
• Herophilos - Foundation of modern anatomy

• Archimedes - Math and mechanics, C of G.,
  buoyancy
• Galen - Sports Medicine Doc, On the Use of
  Parts, On the Movements of Muscles

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Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D.
Instruction concerning a dislocation of a
vertebra of the neck if you examine a man
having a dislocation of the a vertebra of his
neck, should you find him unconscious of his arms
and legs on account of it......then you should
say an ailment which cannot be treated
Edwin Smith Papyrus (1800) Egyptian circa 600
BC
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Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D. Relevance to
the study of Locomotion

• Separation of Knowledge and Myth
• Mechanical and Mathematical Paradigms developed
• Anatomical Paradigms developed
• First Biomechanical Analysis of Human Movement

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The Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.D.

• Significant People/Events
• Spiritualism diminished scientific inquiry
• St. Augustine - the only type of knowledge to be
  desired was the knowledge of God and the soul
• Arab scholars saved the work of the Antiquity
  period by translating the works into Arabic

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The Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.DRelevance
to the Study of Locomotion

• Interest in anatomy, physiology, and locomotion
  discouraged.
• Greek and Roman Art depiction of human movement
  remained

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The Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D.

• Significant People/Events
• Individual genius flourished
• Leonardo da Vinci - artist, scientist anatomical
  studies of bone, muscle, nerve through
  dissection. He described the mechanics of the
  body during standing, walking up and downhill,
  rising from a sitting position, jumping, and
  human gait.
• Versalius - described muscle function and related
  to movement, advocated human dissection

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The Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D.
Borelli Estimated the center of mass of nude
men by having them stretch out on a rigid
platform supported on a knife edge. The platform
was then repositioned until is balanced, thereby
indicating a location corresponding to the center
of mass for the entire body.
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The Renaissance - 1450 A.D.- 1600 A.D. Relevance
to the Study of Locomotion

• Scientific study revived
• Foundations of modern anatomy and physiology
• Movement and muscle studied as connective entities

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The Scientific Revolution - 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D.

• Significant People/Events
• Intellectual freedom highly respected
• Experimentation - the basis of the scientific
  method
• Galileo - Studied human jumping, horse gait,
  structure of bone
• Harvey - described blood flow through heart
• Descartes - Cartesian coordinate system

• Borelli - the Father of biomechanics, wrote Du
  Moto Animalium used geometry to describe
  walking, running, jumping, described muscle
  contraction
• Newton - Laws of motion and gravity

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The Scientific Revolution - 1600 A.D. - 1730
A.D. Relevance to the study of Locomotion

• Experimentation and theory linked
• Formation of Newtonian mechanics

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The Enlightenment - 1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D.

• Significant People/Events
• Applied Mathematics advanced - Euler, Lagrange
• von Haller - irritabilty and contractility of
  muscle
• Andre - Orthpaedics, muscle imbalance causes
  skeletal deformities
• Emil Du Bois-Reymond Action Potential

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The Enlightenment - 1730 A.D. - 1800
A.D.Relevance to the study of Locomotion

• Force, momentum, and energy related
• Muscle function related to bio-chemical and
  electrical phenomena

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The Gait Century - 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D.

• Significant People/Events
• Muybridge - motion analysis - horses, people
  Animals in Motion, The Human Figure in Motion
• Weber brothers - On the Mechanics of the Gait
  Tools 150 hypotheses
• Marey - (huge) the first gait lab (force plate,
  cinematography, synchronized cine and force

• Braune and Fisher - 3d analysis of gait,
  mathematical analysis, light suits
• Duchenne - EMG

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Étienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) Studied
soldiersenergy cost of locomotion..economy of
movement
Unique techniques
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Eduard Muybridg - The Father of Cinematography
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The Gait Century - 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D.
Relevance to the study of Locomotion

• Measurement methods devised and applied to gait
• Electrical activity of muscle quantified
• Engineering principles applied to the locomotion

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The 20th Century - 1900 A.D. - 1980

• Significant People/Events
• A.V. Hill - Structure and Function of muscle
• Elftman - Force plates, energy exchanges during
  gait
• Huxley - sliding filament theory
• 1967 - First ISB Meeting in Zurich

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The 20th Century - 1900 A.D. 1980
A.D.Relevance to the study of Locomotion

• Biomechanics becomes a unique discipline
• Biomechanics used as a clinical tool
• Professional Biomechanical and Gait Organizations
  formed

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The Computer Age 1980 AD .

• Significant People/Events
• Abdel, Azziz, and Carrera - developed the DLT
• Basmajian - expanded EMG techniques and
  understanding of muscle function
• Winter - refined experimental techniques for the
  analysis of gait
• Sutherland - classic studies on the development
  of gait in children, and influence of CP on gait

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The Computer Age 1980 AD .

• Murray - classic studies on adult gait
• Gage, Sutherland, and Perry - integration of gait
  analysis in surgical treatment of orthopaedic
  disorder
• Development of the Miocrocomputer
• Nigg, Cavanagh,Bates - biomechanical assessment
  of running gait
• Expansion and refinement of video technology
• Greaves - Video Processor
• Founding of the Clinical Gait and Movement
  Analysis Society

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Patricia Murray 1925 1984 Ph.D. AnatomyPT
..lab at VA Hospital in Milwaukee and at
Marquette Univ. neuromuscular disease and
prosthetics
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The Study of LocomotionThe Future ???
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