Madeleine Leininger

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Madeleine Leininger

• Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory

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Madeleine Leininger

• 1948 - Diploma in Nursing from from St. Anthonys
  School of Nursing, Denver
• 1950 - BS in Biological Science from Benedictine
  College, Atchison, Kansas
• 1953 - MSN from Catholic University, Washington,
  D.C.
• 1965 - Ph.D. in Anthropology from U of Seattle
• 1966 - offered first course in transcultural
  nursing at the U of Colorado
• A major contributor to other schools in
  transcultural nursing curriculum

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Madeleine Leininger

• Developed her theory, Culture Care Diversity and
  Universality from a combination of anthropology
  nursing beliefs principles
• 1985 - first published her theory in Nursing
  Science Quarterly
• 1988 - further explained her theory in same
  journal
• 1991 - published her book Culture Care Diversity
  and Universality A Theory of Nursing

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Leiningers Definition of Theory

• Defines theory differently from other nursing
  theorists
• Theory is a systematic and creative way to
  discover knowledge about something or to account
  for some vaguely know phenomenon
• Nursing theory must take into account the
  cultural beliefs, caring, behaviors, and values
  of individuals, families, and groups to provide
  effective, satisfying, and culturally congruent
  nursing care

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Major Concepts in Leiningers Theory

• Culture
• Cultural values
• Culturally diverse nursing care
• Ethnocentrism
• Generalization
• Stereotype
• Cultural congruence
• Ethno-nursing, Transcultural nursing

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Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory

• Based on transcultural nursing model
• Transcultural nursing a learned branch of
  nursing that focuses on the comparative study
  analysis of cultures as they apply to nursing and
  health-illness practices, beliefs, and values
• Goal of Transcultural Nursing to provide care
  that is congruent with cultural values, beliefs,
  and practices

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Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory

• Cultures exhibit both diversity and universality
• Diversity - perceiving, knowing, and practicing
  care in different ways
• Universality - commonalities of care
• Fundamental Theory Aspects - culture, care,
  cultural care, world view, folk health or
  well-being systems
• Sunrise Model - illustrates the major components
  of Leiningers theory

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Theorys Purpose Goal

• Purpose to explicate transcultural nursing
  knowledge and practice
• Goal to identify ways to provide culturally
  congruent nursing care to people of diverse or
  similar cultures

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Culture

• Described as a groups values, beliefs, norms,
  and life practices that are learned, shared, and
  handed-down
• Guides thinking, decisions, and actions in
  specific ways
• Provides the basis for cultural values, which
  identify ways of thinking or acting
• These values are usually held for a long time and
  help guide decision-making in the culture

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Care

• Refers to assisting, supporting, or enabling
  behaviors that ease or improve a persons
  condition
• Is essential for a persons survival,
  development, and ability to deal with lifes
  events
• Has different meanings in different cultures
  which can be determined by examining the groups
  view of the world, social structure, and language

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Culture Care

• Refers to the values beliefs that assist,
  support, or enable another person or group to
  maintain well-being, improve personal condition,
  or face death or disability
• Is universal, but the actions, expressions,
  patterns, lifestyles, and meanings of care may be
  different
• Knowledge of cultural diversity is essential for
  nursing to provide appropriate care to clients,
  families, and communities

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Culture Care

• Diverse Care different meanings, patterns,
  values, beliefs or symbols of care indicative of
  health for a specific culture (such a role of
  sick person)
• Universal Care commonalities or similarities in
  meanings, patterns, values, beliefs, or symbols
  of care between different cultures

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World View

• Refers to the outlook of a person or group based
  on a view of the world or universe
• Consists of social structure and environmental
  context
• Social Structure organizational factors of a
  particular culture (e.g., religion, economics,
  education), and how these factors give meaning
  and order to the culture
• Environmental Context any event, situation, or
  experience that give meaning to human expressions

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Folk Health or Well-being Systems

• Refers to care or care practices that have a
  special meaning in the culture
• These practices are used to heal or assist people
  in the home or community
• Are supplemented by professional health systems
  that operate in cultures

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Person

• Is referred to as a human being
• Is caring and capable of being concerned about
  others

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Environment

• Not specifically defined by Leininger
• The concepts of world view, social structure, and
  environmental context are discussed
• Is closely related to the concept of culture

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Health

• Is viewed as a state of well-being
• Is culturally defined, valued, practiced
• Reflects the ability of individuals to perform
  their daily roles
• Includes health systems, health care practices,
  health patterns, and health promotion
  maintenance
• Is universal across all cultures yet defined
  differently by each to reflect its specific
  values beliefs

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Nursing

• Is defined as a learned humanistic art science
  that focuses on personalized behaviors,
  functions, processes to promote and maintain
  health or recovery from illness
• Has physical, psycho-cultural, and social
  significance for those being assisted
• Uses 3 modes of action to deliver care

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3 Modes of Nursing Action

• Culture care preservation or maintenance
• Culture care accommodation or negotiation
• Culture care restructuring or repatterning

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Nursing

• Uses the Sunrise Model when caring for clients
• 4 Levels
• Requires understanding of values, beliefs, and
  practices of a clients culture

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Nursings Metaparadigm Through Leiningers Eyes

• Humanistic care
• Environmental context
• Holistic, transcultural caring
• Source Susan Loushin Char Martins, Augsburg
  Nursing program

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Points to Remember

• Was the founder of transcultural nursing
• Cultural care can be both diverse universal
• 3 modes of nursing actions
• Sunrise Model depicts the inter-relationships of
  Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory
• Humans are caring and capable of being concerned
  about the needs, well-being, and survival of
  others
• Nursing actions must be culture-specific