Menangle

1
Menangle

• Pig Paramyxovirus Infection, Porcine
  Paramyxovirus Infection

2
Overview

• Organism
• Economic Impact
• Epidemiology
• Transmission
• Clinical Signs
• Diagnosis and Treatment
• Prevention and Control
• Actions to Take

3
The Organism
4
The Organism

• Paramyxoviridae
• Rubulavirus
• Affects swine, humans
• Not highly contagious
• Spreads slowly throughout the herd
• Poor survival in the environment

5
Importance
6
Economic Impact

• New South Wales, Australia, 1997
• Reduced farrowing rates
• Reduced litter number and size
• Mummified and stillborn piglets
• Pseudopregnancy in sows
• Strong immunity develops post-infection
• Decreased animal inventory resulted in economic
  losses

7
Epidemiology
8
History

• 1997 New South Wales, Australia
• 2,600 sow intensive piggery
• 4 breeding units
• 21 week period
• Mummified fetuses and stillborn piglets
• Reduced farrowing rates
• Reduced number and size of litters

9
Transmission
10
Reservoir

• Fruit bats (flying foxes)
• Pteropus poliocephalus
• P. alecto
• P. conspicillatus
• P. scapulatus
• Native to Australia
• Seropositive before and during 1997 outbreak

The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus
poliocephalus)
11
Transmission

• Bat to pig
• Fecal-oral suspected
• Pig to pig
• Oral-fecal suspected
• Human
• No known contact with fruit bats
• Very close contact with infected pigs

12
Animals and Menangle
13
Clinical Signs

• Incubation period unknown
• Seroconvert in 10 to 14 days
• Reproductive
• Fetal mummification and stillbirths
• Reduced farrowing rate, abortions
• Reduced number and size of litters
• No clinical signs in postnatal pigs
• Other animal species seronegative

14
Post Mortem Lesions

• Severe degeneration of
  brain and spinal cord
• Arthrogryposis
• Brachygnathia
• Domed cranium
• Histopathology
• Degeneration, necrosis of nervous tissue
• Inclusion bodies
• Nonsuppurative myocarditis

15
Morbidity/ Mortality

• Farrowing percentage reduced from 82
  to 38
• Number of live piglets per litter
  declined
• No further reproductive failure once disease is
  endemic
• No disease in postnatal pigs

16
Differential Diagnosis

• Classical swine fever
• Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
• Porcine parvovirus infection
• Aujeszkys disease (pseudorabies)
• Blue eye paramyxovirus (La Piedad Michoacan)
• Japanese encephalitis
• Leptospirosis
• Brucellosis

17
Sampling

• Before collecting or sending any samples, the
  proper authorities should be contacted
• Samples should only be sent under secure
  conditions and to authorized laboratories to
  prevent the spread of the disease

18
Diagnosis

• Clinical
• Increase in mummified, stillborn piglets
• Laboratory Tests
• Serology - antibody (sows)
• Virus neutralization, ELISA
• Virus isolation (piglet)
• Definitive diagnosis
• Brain, lung, myocardial tissue

19
Treatment

• No treatment
• Once infected, no further reproductive failures
  occur
• No vaccine

20
Menangle in Humans
21
Public Health Significance

• Two human cases
• Sudden fever, malaise, chills,
  drenching sweats, headache, myalgia
  
• Followed by spotty, red,
  non-pruritic rash
• No coughing, vomiting, or diarrhea
• Recovered in 10-14 days

22
Prevention and Control
23
Recommended Actions

• IMMEDIATELY notify authorities
• Federal
• Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC)
• http//www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/area_offic
  es/
• State
• State veterinarian
• http//www.usaha.org/StateAnimalHealthOfficials.pd
  f
• Quarantine

24
Prevention and Control

• Avoid contact between fruit bats and
  swine
• Endemic population
• Remove pigs ages 10-16 weeks
• Restock with unexposed pigs or pigs known to be
  immune to the virus
• No vaccine

25
Prevention and Control

• Reduce occupational exposure for swine
  workers
• People conducting necropsies or assisting at
  births
• Wear gloves, goggles, and other personal
  protective clothing
• Wash contaminated skin immediately
• Avoid contact with bats

26
Additional Resources

• APHIS-Center for Emerging Issues
• http//www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingis
  sues/downloads/menangle.pdf
• CSIROnline
  (Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research
  Organisation)
• www.csiro.au
• Communicable Diseases Network Australia
• www.health.gov.au

27
Additional Resources

• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
• www.oie.int
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
• www.aphis.usda.gov
• Center for Food Security and Public Health
• www.cfsph.iastate.edu
• USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases(The Gray Book)
• www.usaha.org/pubs/fad.pdf

28
Acknowledgments

• Development of this presentationwas funded by
  grants from
• the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
  the Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency
  Management Division, and the Iowa Department of
  Agriculture and Land Stewardship to the Center
  for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State
  University.
• Authors Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH Radford
  Davis, DVM, MPH, DACVPM Anna Rovid Spickler,
  DVM, PhD
• Reviewers Bindy Comito, BA Katie Spaulding, BS
  Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD