Differential Association, Subcultural

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Differential Association, Subcultural Social
Learning Theories
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Differential AssociationEdwin Sutherland
(1883-1950)

• Criminal behavior is learned
• Learned in interaction with others
• (communications process)
• Learning occurs within intimate personal groups

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Differential Association

• The learning includes
• techniques of committing the crime
• direction of motives, drives, rationalization
• Directions of motives and drives is learned from
  definitions of legal codes as favorable or
  unfavorable
• Delinquency occurs because of an excess of
  definition favorable to violation of law

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Differential Association

• Learning process involves same mechanisms that
  are in involved in other learning
• Differential associations may vary in frequency,
  duration, priority, intensity

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Techniques of NeutralizationSykes Matza

• Denial of Responsibility
• Denial of Injury
• Denial of the Victim
• Condemnation of the Condemners
• Appeal to Higher Loyalties

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Five-Finger DiscountCromwell, Parker, Mobley

• Motives that underlie shoplifting behavior.
• I wanted the item but didnt want to pay
• Peer pressure
• I steal for a living
• I wanted the item and could not afford it
• I dont know why, it was just an impulse

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How Doctors Defraud MedicaidJesilow, Pontell,
Geis

• Blamed patients, hospitals, labs, or other
  medical professionals. Illegal activities were
  mistakes.
• Breaking the law meant that they were helping
  patients.
• Admit wrongdoing, yet state that they harmed no
  one.
• Blame confusing regulations and bureaucratic
  obstacles.
• Provide service to patients and adhering to
  professional standards.

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Social Learning TheoryRon Akers

• Differential Associations
• Definitions
• Differential Reinforcement
• Imitation

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Culture Conflict

• Norms are passed down.
• Law-breaking behavior is learned as part of the
  content of a subcultural code that is construed
  as normal.
• Conflict of Conduct Norms norms of subcultures
  may contradict norms of the dominant culture.

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Subculture of ViolenceWolfgang and Ferracuti

• Focus on violent crime and behavior.
• Explains assaults and homicides.
• Subculture is only partly different and maintains
  norms from the dominant culture.
• Exists when a violent and physically aggressive
  response is either expected or required.