Trace Minerals

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Trace Minerals

• Bad Kids
• of the
• Nutrient World!

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Trace Minerals Learning Objectives

• Describe the functions of trace minerals.
• Identify food and nonfood sources of trace
  minerals.
• Given the RDI table, identify recommended intake
  of trace minerals.
• Describe absorption issues for iron and zinc.

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Learning Objectives cont.

• Summarize knowledge and limitations for selected
  trace minerals.
• Discuss the interactions of trace minerals as
  related to bioavailability and excretion from the
  body.

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Trace Mineral Overview

• Food Sources
• Soil concentrations
• Water
• Food Processing
• Deficiencies mild vs. severe
• Toxicities many highly toxic!
• Interactions imbalances common!

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Iron (Fe) a common nutrient deficiency

• Roles in the body
• Hemoglobin and Myoglobin, oxygen transport
• Cofactor for many chemical reactions

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Iron Absorption 3-40

• Heme vs. Nonheme Iron
• Absorption enhancing factors
• MFP factor, Vitamin C
• Absorption inhibiting factors
• Phytates, fibers, soy, whole grains, tannic acid,
  tea and coffee
• Difficult to excrete tight control
  physiologically needed!

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Iron Deficiency

• Vulnerable stages in life female, menstruation,
  growth
• Blood Losses
• Assessment of iron deficiency
• 1. Serum ferritin declines
• 2. Serum iron drops and transferrin increases
• 3. Hematocrit drops.
• Iron deficiency and anemia not the same
• Iron deficiency and behavior
• Iron deficiency and pica

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Normal and Iron deficient red blood cells pale
and small!
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Iron Toxicity

• Iron overload
• Hemochromatosis apathy and fatigue
• Iron and heart disease
• Women protected against early disease due to
  lower body iron?
• Iron and cancer excess promotes
• Iron Poisoning children/supplements

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Other Iron Sources

• Dried foods
• Iron pans,
• Exposure to acid
• Vitamin C does not aid in absorption of
  supplemental iron

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Zinc (Zn)

• Roles in the Body
• Metabolic processes
• Immunity
• Growth
• Clotting
• Taste Perception
• Smell
• Insulin Production

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Zinc Deficiency

• Identified in the 1960s in the Middle East.
• Deficiency Symptoms
• Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturity,
  acne-like rash
• Vulnerable life stages pregnancy, growth,
  elderly

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Absorption and Metabolism

• Absorption held in intestinal cells unless
  needed, if not sloughed off.
• Zinc interactions with iron and copper.
• Zinc can exit with feces and is a part of many
  digestive enzymes. Zinc is often lost with these
  enzymes.

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Recommendations and Sources

• Protein rich foods
• Supplemental zinc
• Toxicity concerns
• Cold lozenges nausea and bad taste,
• Inconclusive results

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Iodine (I)

• Role in the body thyroid hormone
• Deficiency Goiter, Cretinism
• Toxicity Enlarged thyroid
• Iodine Sources ocean, supplementation of ?
• Typical intake excedes, not toxic.
• Government working with food processors and
  dairies to reduce iodine in food supply.

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Selenium - Se

• Role antioxidant protective of Vit. E
• Deficiency Keshans Disease
• Heart/muscle wasting and disease
• Selenium and Cancer
• Research suggests efficacy in prevention and
  higher rates in people with low intake
• Selenium Intakes U.S. soil abundant
• Selenium Toxicity Very!

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Copper (Cu)

• Role in the body several enzymes require Cu
• Deficiency rare
• Toxicity Wilsons Disease (genetic)
• Copper accumulated in brain and liver tissues
• Recommendations and Intakes
• Association with zinc overdose

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Managanese (Mn)

• Deficiency
• Excess iron and calcium impair absorption
• Toxicity
• Observed in environmental over-exposure
• Overall no health issues!

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Fluoride - F

• Roles in the Body Fluorapatite crystal
• And Dental Caries- significant reduction
• Fluoride Toxicity
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain,
  numbness or tingling..death
• Fluorosis only occurs in development
• Fluoride Intakes
• 1ppm - water

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Chromium

• Role in the body CHO/Lipid Metabolism
• Enhances activity of Insulin
• Deficiency diabetes like condition
• Variety of food Sources, best in unrefined foods
• Chromium Picolinate Supplements

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Molybdenum and other Trace Minerals

• Molybdenum enzyme action.
• Deficiency unknown, toxicity rare except animal
  studies
• Other Trace Minerals Nickel, Cobalt, Vanadium,
  Boron, Arsenic
• Contaminate Minerals Lead, mercury
• Lead deranges RBC membranes, interacts with WBCs
  lower immunity, binds antibodies, interferes with
  nutrients, nervous system, kidney, bone marrow