DISEASE OF POULTRY

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DISEASE OF POULTRY

• DR. NAGY EÖRSNÉ
• Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest
• Department of Poultry Pathology

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ANTE MORTEM INSPECTION

• At the farm before transportation to the
  slaughterhouse the poultry flock must be examined
  by veterinarian.
• A certificate must be composed on the results of
  this inspection and the pre-life of the flock
• If the certificate is available and it is
  negative and it does not indicate the necessity
  of special measures, the ante mortem inspection
  at the slaughterhouse will include the
  identification of transported flock and control
  of injuries took place during transportation,
  furthermore the examination of dead birds.
• Based on these data and examinations the
  veterinarian decides whether the flock will be
  submitted to normal or special slaughter or
  further special examination.

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Notifiable Diseases

• Former O.I.E. list A
• Newcastle disease (Paramyxovirus)
• Avian influenza (Orthomyxovirus)
• Duck plaque (Herpesvirus)
• Former O.I. E. list B
• Fowl cholera
• Fowl typhoid
• In case of these diseases the flock is
  slaughtered separately mostly at the end of
  the day- as it is not condemned

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Diseases of Poultry ?? Zoonosis

• Paratyphoid (Salmonellosis, except typhoid)
• Campylobacteriosis
• Chlamydiosis
• Tuberculosis
• /Anthrax/

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Inspection of the surface

• injuries (as consequences of transportation)
• inflammation of skinarthritissynovitis
  (infection of Staphylococcus aureus)
• Mareks disease (skin form)

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Inspection of visceral organs and the body
cavityBacterial infections

• Salmonellosis (Fowl typhoid)
• Pasteurellosis (Fowl cholera)
• E. coli septicaemia
• Staphylococcosis
• Streptococcosis

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Septicaemia

• haemorrhages and/or fibrinous inflammation on
  seromembranes
• pleuritis
• pericarditis
• air sacculitis
• liver, spleen conditions
• enlarged
• friable (associated with subcapsular
  haemorrhages)
• lungs, intestines, genitals

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Paratyphoid (Salmonellosis)Zoonosis

• S. Enteritidis
• S. Typhimurium
• S. Infantis
• S. Hadar
• S. Agona
• S. Saint-paul
• S. Bovis-morbificans etc.

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• Gram negative rods with filaments
• Sensitivity 70 C 5 min fresh meat - 2-3
  weeks frozen meat - years
• Pathology septicaemia (enlarged spleen, liver,
  necrotic foci, enteritis (fibrinous inflammation
  in caecum! - water fowl! )
• Total condemned for human consumption!
• Slaughterhouse hygenie, household
  hygenie(contamination!)

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Fowl typhoid

• Salmonella Gallinarum/Pullorumadapted to special
  hostGram negative rods without any filaments
• sensitive to 70C 5 minin fresh meat for 2-4
  monthin frozen meat for yearsin water for 4-6
  weeks
• Germinative transmission!

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Pathology

• enlarged spleen liver within small
  necrotic foci
• white-grey (necrotic) nodules in myocardium
  in lungs in intestine
• fibrinous inflammation of seromembranes
• degenerated follicles on ovary, salpingitis
• arthritis

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Poultry meat is partial condemned for human
consumption

• only the affected areas are condemned(mostly the
  parenchymal organs and intestines - in case of
  arthritis the legs are removed)

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Small intestine, caecum, liver
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white-grey necrotic nodules in myocardium
(typhoma)
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TuberculosisZoonosis

• Mycobacterium avium
• Ziehl-Nelsen positive slim rods
• Main character acid- and alcohol-fastness
• Sensitivity (Pasteur)
• 85C - 1 sec
• 72-76C - 14-45 sec
• 62-65C - 30 min

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• Domesticated birds adult onlywild- exotic birds
  (ZOO), ostrich
• Pathology bad conditiongrey-yellow nodules of
  varying sizes in - diff. organs- intestines-
  bone marrow
• Condemned for human consumption

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Colibacillosis

• Gram negative rods
• septicaemia
• coligranulomatosis (intestine, mesenterium)
• CRD (Chronic Respiratory Disease)
• Partial condemned for human consumption

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Fibrin liver, heart(Mycoplasma, E. coli)
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Fibrin (heart, intestine)
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Chronic Respiratory DiseaseMycoplasmosis

• Mycoplasma gallisepticum
• Mycoplasma synoviae
• Mycoplasma meleagridis
• Mycoplasma iowae
• Mycoplasma anseris
• Mycoplasma cloacalae
• Mycoplasma anatum
• Ureaplasmas

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• Pathogenicy varied, mostly facultative pathogen
  !
• In general Mycoplasmas are colonizing mucosal
  surfaces
• They are associated with bacteria and/or viruses
  (respiratory virus infection, E. coli,
  Ornithobacterium..)
• stressimmunsuppression (viral diseases,
  mycotoxins..)

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Fowl cholera/Pasteurellosis

• Mainly in turkey, water fowl
• Pasteurella multocida acute form chronic
  form
• Gram negative coccoid-rodsSensitivity 60C 2
  min
• Pathology septicaemia arthritis
  salpingitis fibrinopurulent meningitis
  fibrinous inflammation of phallus
• Septicaemia - condemnedChronic form partial
  condemnation (except cachexia)

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Petechiae in the heart of goose(pasteurellosis,
erysipelas, asphyxia)
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Necrotic foci in the liver goose(pasteurellosis,
erysipelas)
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Erysipelas

• Water fowl
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopatiaeGram positive
  rodssensitivity mild
• septicaemia
• Diff. diagn. Pasteurellosis (septicaemia)
• Partial condemnation for human consumption

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Staphylococcosis

• Staphylococcus aureusGram positive coccus
• Ubiquiter, pathogen if enters through the skin or
  mucosal membranes
• Pathology septicaemia young birds
  arthritis, periarthritis synovitis,
  osteomyelitis - adult gangrenous dermatitis
  (wings, legs) in broilers
• Condemned or partial condemnation

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CampylobacteriosisZoonosis

• Campylobacter jejuniC. coli
• Microaerophyl, Gram negative, mild sensitivity
• It is an intestinal commensal in broiler
  breeders, layer-type breeders, turkey.
• Hepatitis (enteritis) in poultryEnteritis in
  human Slaughterhouse and household hygiene!

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Chlamydiosis (Ornithosis)Zoonosis

• Chlamydia psittaci
• Intracellular
• Pigeon, turkeys, ducks, gees, pheasant
• Inhaling dust from feces or feather
• Slaughterhouse hygenie

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AnthraxZoonosis

• It occurs rarely in birds where the disease is
  endemic.
• Chicken are highly resistant.
• Ducks occasionally show the disease
• Ostriches are moderately susceptible, often with
  high mortality. (Dis.of Poultry. Barnes)