Quick Chemistry Review

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Quick Chemistry Review

• Human Body -Cells -Molecules-Atoms-Elements
• Atoms - nucleus - neutrons -protons-electrons
• Number of protons () in the nucleus determines
  the number of electrons (-) surrounding the atom

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An atom will try to fill its outer shell. 1s-2,
2s8 etc.

• How does it accomplish this?
• Gaining or losing electrons
• Sharing by bonding with other atoms
• Important for stability for the molecule

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Health Protectors

• Vitamins C, E, and beta carotene are antioxidants
• Antioxidants
• chemicals that disarm cell damaging molecules
• neutralize free radicals by donating one of their
  own electrons
• The antioxidants do not become free radicals
  because they are stable in either form

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Normally a body can handle free radicals

• But if antioxidants are unavailable or free
  radical production is excessive, damage can occur
• Free radical damage accumulates with age
• Linked to degenerative disorders like Alzheimers

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WATER

• Contributes to 60-70 of body weight
• Solvent in which chemicals dissolve, transports
  chemicals through the body, provides a medium in
  which chemical reactions take place, important in
  temperature regulation
• Need 2-3 liters a day

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Minerals

• Chemicals needed by body to serve in a variety of
  cellular and body functions
• Ca, Na, K, Na, Cl, P, S, Mg
• The adult body contains 4.4 lbs of minerals
• 2 minerals make up the major portion of the those
  4.4 lbs -
• Calcium and Phosphorus the components of bone
  and teeth

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Calcium

• Blood clotting
• Muscle contraction
• Enzyme reactions
• Cellular communication
• Skin differentiation
• Provides strength to bones and teeth
• 95 of tooth enamel composed of calcium
• Deficiency causes rickets, osteoporosis or
  osteomalacia

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Phosphorus

• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Cell membrane structure and transport processes
• Muscle function
• Energy storage in the form of Adenosine
  triphosphate (ATP)
• Structural component of bones and teeth
• Buffer system to maintain the narrow pH range

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Magnesium

• Enzymes involved in Energy metabolism
• Protein synthesis
• Nucleic acid synthesis
• Regulation of Calcium levels
• Deficiency causes loss of appetite, irritability,
  disorientation, convulsions, and abnormal
  behavior
• (Can reduce migraines and PMS)

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Sodium
Potassium

• Maintains the normal hydration state of the
  bodily fluids
• Affects the movement of water in an out of cells

• Energy metabolism
• Glycogen and Protein synthesis
• Neuromuscular conduction
• Deficiency causes Cardiac arrhythmias, Muscle
  weakness and disruption of acid-base balance in
  the body

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Micromineral or Trace Mineral Iron Zinc

• Transportation of oxygen
• Cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy
  production
• Deficiency causes Anemic conditions
• Expression of genetic information
• regulation of bone calcification

• Growth, appetite, development of the testicles,
  skin integrity, mental activity, wound healing
  and proper functioning of the immune system

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Chromium
Iodine

• Regulation of basal metabolic rate (associated
  with energy production) in adults
• Growth and development in children
• Deficiency causes Goiter

• CHO, Fat, Nucleic acid metabolism
• Deficiency includes high blood sugar and
  abnormalities in stimulating nerves located in
  the extremities

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Microminerals or Trace Minerals

• Cobalt Vitamin B12 function
• Copper Enzymes to transport iron and maintaining
  connective tissue integrity
• Manganese Assists in activities of many enzymes
  in cellular metabolism
• Molybdenum molecular structural component of
  many enzymes
• Selenium Reducing Cancer risk and
  detoxification
• Flouride Prevents tooth decay

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Americans

• Lack of exercise - 1/3 exercise for 30 mins 5 X
  week
• Super size portions
• 61 overweight BMI (Body-Mass Index)
• 1970s fructose sweetened sodas (problems with
  stimulating insulin stimulation of fat cells)

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Three Eating Disorders

• Obesity
• Bulimia Nervosa Eating excess
• Anorexia Nervosa Fear of gaining weight
  (Starves)
• What is the worst health risk associated with
  each of the disorders?

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Lethal Links

• Heart Disease
• Diabetes-
• Cancer
• Breathing problems
• Arthritis -

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Dieting

• Starvation mode what is your body going to
  do????
• This has evolved as a protective mechanism
• Liquid diets (muscle is broken down) (heart)

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Excretory System

• Elimination of nitrogenous wastes produced by
  protein catabolism
• Maintenance of ionic and osmotic balance w/in
  body
• Kidneys Water and Chemical balance
• Reabsorption of water and small molecules
• Throws out unusable excess fluid and chemicals
• Maintains integrity of blood
• 440 gallons of blood flow through the kidneys
  each and every day!

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Blood (Renal Capillaries)
Kidneys
Urine
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
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Urine Formation 3 steps

• Glomerular Filtration
• Non-selective process
• Small molecules move across from blood into the
  nephron, including nitrogenous wastes
• Entry NO-NO Big protein molecules and formed
  elements (blood cells and platelets)
• Out of the 2000 L of blood delivered daily to
  kidney, about 180 L of filtrate result
• Of this only about 1.5 L excreted in urine

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• Tubular Reabsorption
• Selective process
• Reclaiming water and other goodies (Nutrients and
  required salts) from the filtrate
• Nonreabsorbed nitrogenous waste and excess salts
  become tubular fluid ready to be expelled

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• Tubular Secretion
• Selective process
• Some more substances removed from blood and added
  to tubular fluid
• Includes Hydrogen ions, Creatinine and drugs

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion serve to
regulate the composition of the filtrate
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Kidney troubles

• Kidney Stones
• Kidney Failure
• Transplant
• Dialysis Diffusion of dissolved molecules
  through an artificial semi-permeable membrane

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Water-Salt Balance

• Diuretic Increases flow of Urine
• Anti-Diuretic Reduces Urine volume
• Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) Stimulates water
  reabsorption and reduces Urine output
• Hypertonic urine concentrated with salts
• Hypotonic urine diluted with water
• Alcohol blocks ADH release dehydration after
  drinking HANGOVER

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UTIs

• Caused by gut bacteria Eschericia coli
• Curable by Antibiotics
• Drink 2.5L of water
• Cranberry Juice increases acidity of urine,
  causes bacterial death
• 50 more in women

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Acid-Base Balance
Homeostasis

• Osmolarity maintenance Blood pH and blood
  composition
• Blood Pressure maintenance
• Immunity improvement (controls volume of lymph)

• Reabsorption of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
• Secretion of Hydrogen ions (H)
• pH of blood 7.4