The History of Physiological PsychologyNeuroscience Neuropsychology

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The History of Physiological Psychology/Neuroscien
ce/Neuropsychology

• Definition
• Prehistoric Surgery
• The Greeks
• Anatomy Studies
• Phrenology Phsiognomy
• Early Neurology
• The Modern Era

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Definition of Physiological Psychology/Neuropsycho
logy

• The study of how the nervous system mediates
  sensory perception, motor functions, cognitive
  functions, emotions and basic drive states

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Prehistoric Surgery

• Prehistoric Traumatic Brain Injury
• Cranial Trephination

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Trephination Methods

• Scraping

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Trephination Methods

• Cutting

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Trephination Methods

• Drilling

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The Egyptians and The Greeks

• Egyptians noticed the relationship of
  contra-lateral design of the nervous system
• Aristotle believed that the heart was the seat of
  cognitive function.
• The Greeks observed the consequences of seizure
• Hippocrates made a number of correct observations
  about brain illness and generalized these to an
  understanding of brain function

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• Men ought to know that from nothing else
  but the brain comes joys, delights, laughter and
  sports and sorrows, griefs, despondency and
  lamentations. And by this, in an especial manner,
  we acquire wisdom and knowledge, and see and hear
  and know what are foul and what are fair, what
  are bad and what are good, what are sweet and
  what are unsavory And by the same organ we
  become mad and delerious, and fears and terrors
  assail usAll these things we endure from the
  brain when it is not healthy In these ways, I am
  of the opinion that the brain exercises the
  greatest power in the man.
• Hippocrates (Fourth century B.C.)

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Early Anatomy Studies

• Galen (Roman 130-200 AD)
• Vesalius (1514-1564)
• The body functions according to the balance of
  four vital fluids (humors). The fluids flow
  through the ventricles and nerves.

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Descartes

• Separation of Mind and Body
• Mind was a spiritual essence that exerted
  influence through fluid control.
• The connection of mind and body is the Pineal
  gland
• Fluid from the brain inflates the muscles

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Phrenology Physiognomy

• Mental and Personality Traits are associated with
  specific organs of the brain.
• Gall, Spurzheim, Comb, Fowler

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Equipotentiality

• Flourens - opposed the doctrines of Phrenology
  and conducted ablation studies that challenged
  localization
• Lashley - conducted similar ablation studies and
  concluded that functions were not localized.
  Impairment was related to the amount of tissue
  removed rather than its location. His conclusion
  was that brain tissue had an equal potential for
  the mediation of brain functions.

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Early Neurology

• Broca (Language Expression)
• Wernicke (Language Comprehension)
• Korsakoff Wernicke (memory Disorder)

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Paul Broca

• The Great Bet

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Early Neuroscience

• The studies of Benjamin Franklin in 1751 and
  others demonstrated basic properties of
  electricity
• Galvani and du Bois-Reymond demonstrated that
  muscles twitch when stimulated by electricity,
  and that the brain generates electricity. Nerves
  were then though of as wires rather than
  fluid-filled conduits.
• Ferrier Munk (1900's) - identified areas for
  vision, audition, skin senses by experimental
  ablation of the brain tissue
• Muller - Advocated the use of experimental
  techniques in physiology developed the concept
  of specific nerve energies

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Early Neuroscience

• Fritz Hitzig (1890) - mapped the motor area by
  electrical stimulation.
• Helmholtz - measured speed of conduction of
  nerves (90 ft/sec)

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• Early Neuroscience Bell Magendies studies of
  Ventral and Dorsal roots in the spinal cord

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The Modern Era

• Molecular Neuroscience examines the basic
  biochemistry of the nervous system
• Cellular Neuroscience examines cellular
  processes, such as neuronal transport
• Systems Neuroscience examines clusters of
  neurons that form interacting systems, such as
  vision
• Behavioral Neuroscience examines the functional
  expression of the nervous system in behavior
• Cognitive Neuroscience How does the nervous
  system mediate cognition

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• The Modern Era Neuropsychology Syndrome
  Analysis, fMRI Studies, Clinical Neuropsychology
  Tests Clinical Practice

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fMRI Studies

• The Somatosensory Cortex

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fMRI Studies

• Clinical Applications