Fatty Acids: Whats in a Name

1
Fatty AcidsWhats in a Name?

• Donald A. Webster

2
Good Fat --- Bad Fat?
3
Definition of Fats and Oils

• Insoluble in water
• Soluble in organic solvents
• May be a solid, semi-solid or clear liquid at
  room temperature
• The terms fats and oils are used interchangeably
  in this presentation

4
Calories

• Fats contain 225 more calories than an equal
  weight of protein or carbohydrates

5
Blood Systems

• Serum
• Clear yellowish watery fluid that carries
  water soluble agents
• Lipids
• Organic substances that are
• Soluble in certain organic solvents
• Insoluble in water
• Fats and oils are Lipids

6
Fats Cholesterol

• Diets high in saturated fats increase total
  cholesterol
• Mono and poly unsaturates lower serum cholesterol
  when replacing saturated and trans fats
• Polyunsaturates lower cholesterol to a greater
  extent

7
(No Transcript)
8
Structures
9
Structures cont.
10
Glycerides

• Chemical name for fats and oils is triglyceride
• Triglycerides are 95-100 of fat source
• Mono and diglycerides are 0-5 of fat source

11
(No Transcript)
12
Glyceride Reactions
13
Glycerides and Digestion

• Triglycerides cannot be absorbed in the stomach
  or intestines
• Triglycerides are broken down by enzymes to
  monoglyceride and fatty acids
• Monoglyceride and fatty acids can be absorbed in
  the intestines
• Monoglyceride and fatty acids are recombined in
  the liver to make triglycerides and other
  chemicals needed by the body

14
Enzymes
15
Enzymes

• All enzymes are protein
• Enzymes have enormous catalytic power(1010)
• Enzymes are able to discriminate between very
  closely related molecules
• Activity of many enzymes is regulated
• Enzymes are highly specific in reactions they
  catalyze
• Some enzymes act on one set of reactants and no
  other

16
Fat Processing

• First Stage Processing
• Heat Rendering -- Animal Fats
• Solvent Extraction -- Oil Seeds

17
Fat Processing

• Second Stage Processing
• Alkali Solution 
• Bleaching / Clay Filtration
• Deodorization -- Steam Stripping
• Temperature Fractionation

18
Fat Processing

• Alternate Processing
• Partial Hydrogenation
• Interesterification
• Chemical
• Enzyme

19
Word of the Day
20
Degree of saturation
21
Type of Unsaturation
22
Unsaturated Bonds
23
Source of Names

• Commercial and Industrial Uses
• Generic Names
• International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• Omega or (n-) Classification
• Greek Alphabet

24
C18 Saturated Fatty Acid (180)Stearic
AcidOctadecanoic Acid
25
Essential Fatty Acids

• Fatty Acids required by humans
• Fatty Acids not synthesized by the body
• Must be obtained through diet

26
C18 Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (9c-181)Oleic
Acid 9-Octadecenoic AcidOmega 9 Fatty Acid
27
C18 Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid
(9c,12c-182)Linoleic Acid
9c,12c-Octadecadienoic AcidOmega 6 Fatty Acid
28
C18 Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid
(9c,12c,15c-183)Linolenic Acid
(Alpha)9c,12c,15c-Octadecatrienoic AcidOmega 3
Fatty Acid
29
Alpha Linolenic Acid (9c,12c,15c-183) Omega
3Gamma Linolenic Acid (6c,9c,12c-183) Omega 6
30
C20 Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (5,8,11,14,17,-
205)EPA 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic
AcidOmega 3 Fatty Acid
31
C22 Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (4,7,10,13,16,19-
226)DHA 4,7,10,13,16,19-Decosahexaenoic
AcidOmega 3 Fatty Acid
32
(No Transcript)
33
Unsaturated Bonds
34
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (9c,11t-182) Omega
6Conjugated Linolenic Acid (9c,11t,13t-
183) Omega 5
35
Fatty Acid Chain Length

• Shorter the chain length the better the oil
  solvency
• The shorter the chain length the more reactive
  the fatty acid
• Good Saturates -- 410 Carbon atoms
• Bad Saturates -- 12-16 Carbon atoms
• Moderate Saturates 18-22 Carbon atoms

36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
Conclusion Fatty Acid Chain Length

• Shorter the chain length the better the oil
  solvency
• The shorter the chain length the more reactive
  the fatty acid
• Good Saturates -- 410 Carbon atoms
• Bad Saturates -- 12-16 Carbon atoms
• Moderate Saturates 18-22 Carbon atoms

39
Conclusion -- Unsaturates

• The more double bonds the better cardio-vascular
  health
• The more double bonds the greater the chemical
  activity
• The more double bonds the better oil solvency
• Conjugated double bonds are more reactive than
  non-conjugated bonds
• Double bond location will affect body chemistry

40
(No Transcript)
41
DHA EPA Fish Oil Fatty Acids
42
DHA EPA Fatty Acids
43
DHA EPA and Cardiovascular Disease

• Can significantly reduce triglyceride levels
• Accelerate clearance of fat containing particles
• Can slow rate of atherosclerotic plaque growth
• Reduce certain proteins that promote abnormal
  blood clotting

44
DHA EPA and Cardiovascular Disease

• Suppress dangerous abnormal heart rhythms
• Show efficacy in fighting disease provoking
  inflammatory processes

45
DHA EPA and the Fight Against Cancer

• Work to switch off production of certain
  molecules needed for cancer cell growth
• Produce anti-inflammatory compounds to counter
  production of pro-inflammatory Omega 6 fatty
  acids
• Anti-inflammatory effect enables the prevention
  of angiogenesis

46
DHA EPA and the Fight Against Cancer

• Help reduce skin sensitivity to UV rays and help
  against DNA damage
• May exert cancer fighting effects in combination
  with pharmaceutical therapy

47
DHA EPA Food for the Brain

• Alleviate symptoms in children suffering ADHD
• Correlates with lower rates of depression
• Critical to structure of the brain. Over 60 of
  the brain consists of fat with more than 20
  being Omega 3 fatty acids
• May enhance efficacy of medications to treat
  depression and bipolar disorders

48
DHA EPA and Good Bone Health

• Increases the absorption of calcium
• High ratios of Omega 6 to Omega 3 had lowest bone
  density
• Lower consumption of Omega 3 leads to weakest
  bones
• May prevent age related decline in bone density

49
DHA EPA and Arthritis Relief

• Shows promise in relieving pain of osteoarthritis
• May guard against degenerative joint destruction
• Reduces production of compounds causing
  inflammation
• Benefits people suffering from rheumatoid
  arthritis