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Air Pollution in Kazakhstan

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Title: Air Pollution in Kazakhstan


1
Air Pollution in Kazakhstan
  • Afton Hakes
  • Geography 308
  • Spring 2005
  • Prof. Z. Grossman
  • UW Eau Claire
  • hakesal_at_uwec.edu

www.enrid.grida.no
2
Intro to Kazakhstan
  • Central Asia
  • Formerly Kazakh
  • Majority religion
  • Sunni Muslim
  • Language Kazakh

www.classzone.com/currentevents/images/map_1203_ka
zak.gif
3
  • Capital at Astana (formerly at
  • Almaty in the South)
  • Made up of primarily Kazakh and Russian peoples
    (along with Ukrainian,
  • German,
  • and Uygur
  • minorities)
  • Population
  • 15,143,704

www.yahootravel.com
4
The Issue of Air Pollution
  • 1 Current air pollution
  • level in Kazakhstan
  • 2 Sources of Pollution
  • 3 Effects on Kazakhs
  • 4 Improvement Measures

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5
Air Pollution Level
  • levels are highest in cities and industrial
  • centers
  • Ridder, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Almaty, Zyryanovsk,
    Aktau, Shymkent, Taraz, Petropavlolovsk, and
    Temirtau register the highest levels
  • Chemical combinations of 1st and 2nd danger
    classes (phosphorus, cadmium, lead) are
    registered in residential zones, along with 3rd
    and 4th danger class chemicals (nitrogen,
    sulphur, carbon oxides)

6
Pollutants
  • Main pollutants dust, sulphur and nitrogen
    dioxides, hydrocarbons, lead, benzapyrene,
    formaldehyde, cadmium, iron, mercury, and fluoric
    acid.

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  • Pollutants are measured by the Maximum
  • Admissible Concentration
  • In 1999, Index of Air Pollution observations were
    carried
  • out in 9 cities highest level of air pollution
    was registered in Ust-Kamenogorsk at 17.6 IAP.
  • Average concentrations of sulphur dioxide, phenol
    and formaldehyde
  • exceeded MAC 3 times,
  • nitrogen dioxides 2
  • times. Maximum
  • concentrations of dust,
  • sulphur dioxide,
  • nitrogen dioxides and
  • phenol registered at
  • 4 to 5 times MAC.

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8
Benzapyrene
  • environmental
  • carcinogen, formed
  • by two isomeric
  • hydrocarbons, 1st
  • danger class
  • found in fuel exhaust, cigarette smoke, and
    charcoal fumes
  • average concentration of benzapyrene in
    Kazakhstans cities exceeds the 2.5 MAC
  • In Almaty, exceeds 307 MAC, Taraz-16 MAC,
    Ust-Kamenogorsk-11 MAC

opbs.okstate.edu/.../ Chpt2images/BENZAPYRENE.GIF
9
Lead
  • metal that is emitted into the
  • air as small particles
  • (from automobile emissions,
  • industrial emissions)
  • 1996 content of lead exceeded sanitary standards
    in Zhezkazgan (1.3 MAC), Ridder (1.1 MAC),
    Shymkent (1.5 MAC), Ust-Kamenogorsk (1.7 MAC)
  • although still dangerously high, these numbers
    registered lower than those of 1995

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10
Automobile Emissions
  • Auto transport emits polluting substances
    (sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
    sulfide) with exhausted gas which total at over 2
    million tons
  • Contribution of auto
  • emissions to the air
  • basin pollution has
  • reached more than
  • 60 in recent years
  • 90 in Almaty

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11
Substance Level
  • Emissions from stationary sources surveyed in
    1999 resulted in 2308 thousand tons of polluting
    substances

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12
Sources of Pollution
  • A 1998-99 analysis of various economic
    activities and their role in air pollution showed
    the following enterprises to be at fault
  • Industrial pollution
  • Production of Crude
  • Oil/Natural Gas
  • Manufacturing
  • Metallurgy

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13
  • Production of Materials for Power
  • Production/Distribution of Gas, Electric Power,
    and Water
  • Automobile emissions
  • Mining Activity
  • Transport and Communication
  • Radioactive/Nuclear testing

14
Industrial Enterprises
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  • The majority of the Kazakhstan population
    resides in areas around or near industrial
    centers, due to the job opportunities offered in
    these areas.

15
  • About 1/3 of these enterprises have no sanitary
    zones meeting size standards.
  • Besides harmful chemicals and
  • emissions, residents living
  • near industrial centers experience pollution in
    the form of noise, electric magnet fields, dust,
    and vibration.

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16
  • These enterprises emit dangerous levels of
    carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
    carbon monoxide, and other toxic pollutants.

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17
Oil and Gas Enterprises
  • Substances
  • emitted by these industries are relatively
    dense
  • Many are emitted without treatment
  • Treatment methods are either not up to code or in
    some cases simply not implemented at all

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18
  • In 2002, the total
  • gas and oil enterprise
  • emissions gone
  • untreated reached 7.7
  • These emissions
  • include dangerous
  • chemicals such as
  • nitrogen oxides, carbon
  • dioxides, sulphur
  • dioxides, benzypyrene,
  • and also suspended dust
  • particles.

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19
Balkhash Copper
  • Lake Balkhash region suffers greatly
  • from disulphide pollution
  • Balkash Copper Smelter recently restarted
    operation after a long period of Idleness
  • Copper is produced
  • without purification
  • in the utilization of
  • disulphide
  • The operation also
  • creates dust, sulphur,
  • and nitrogen oxide
  • pollution.

www.punchstock.com
20
Nuclear Radiation
  • After effects of nuclear arms
  • testing in the Semipalatinsk Nuclear
  • Testing Range left Kazakhstan territories as
  • Environmental Disaster Zones
  • From 1949-1989, radioactive fall-out over the
    bordering territories occupied over 300,000 km
    including Pavlodar, Karagandin, and
  • Eastern Kazakhstan
  • Oblasts
  • Population in the area
  • was over 1.7 million
  • with 711 settlements

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21
Effects on Kazakhstan
  • In recent years, vital statistics have continued
    to deteriorate at a rapid rate due to multiple
    factors, including the high level of air
    pollution.
  • For example, birth
  • rates decreased
  • from 19.9 in 1992 to
  • 14.9 in 1997 (down by 25.2)
  • Mortality rate increased from 8.1 in 1991 to 10.2
    (up by 20.6)

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22
Health Hazards
  • The incidence rates of communicable and
    non-communicable diseases have increased.
  • Natural population growth has dropped from 11.8
    in 1992 to 4.6 in 1997 (or by 2.6 times)
  • Deterioration of various health factors have been
    mainly caused by both natural and occupational
    environmental influences

23
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  • Higher morbidity rates have been linked to
    increasing incidences of conditions such as
    respiratory disease, nervous system and sensory
    organ disturbances, gastrointestinal disease, and
    circulatory disease.
  • Poor air quality has been cited as a factor in
    these conditions.

24
Tuberculosis
  • Among the infectious diseases, tuberculosis
    stands out as a problem of special concern
  • The number of deaths associated with tuberculosis
    is rising annually
  • 11.7 (per 100,000) in 1992 and 34.6 in 1996

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25
Harmful Emissions
  • Pollution has been found to have a chronically
    damaging impact on the health of the general
    population of Kazakhstan (cancer, respiratory
    diseases,
  • damage of organs and systems, reduction of total
    resistance, and cardio-vascular diseases)

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26
  • Health status of the populations is negatively
    affected by the unfavorable environmental
    situation, emissions in general, and technogenic
    hotspots.

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27
Improvement Measures
  • National Environmental Health Action Plan
    includes...
  • Improvement of atmospheric
  • air regulations
  • Study of air pollution on
  • health and the development
  • of appropriate preventative
  • measures
  • Reduction of the level of air
  • pollution with harmful
  • chemical, physical, and
  • biological factors in
  • residential areas

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28
  • Laboratory control for the level of
  • air pollutions with chemical compounds, with
    instrument metering of harmful physical factors
  • (vibration, radiation, noise, sound) with taking
    the operative administrative decision on
    reduction of the pollution level
  • Creation of the uniform network of monitoring for
    the quality of atmospheric air to ensure the
    operative access to information of supervising
    organizations and the population.

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29
Public Health Service
  • Representatives have prioritized
  • the following actions
  • Development of the hygienic standards of Maximum
    Admissible Concentration of new chemical
    compounds, biological agents, and physical
    factors in the air
  • Carry out sanitary and
  • hygienic assessments at the
  • territory of residential
  • cities and settlements

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30
  • Sanitary epidemiological expertise
  • of pre-project documentation of development
  • programs and location production capacities
  • Medical and environmental zoning of urban
  • territories (identifying boundaries or sanitary
    and
  • protection zones
  • of industrial
  • enterprises and the
  • maintenance of their
  • equipment)

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31
  • Development of evaluation
  • indicators of health conditions,
  • level of morbidity or the
  • population, impact on
  • the population of
  • chemical compounds,
  • and taking into their
  • combined impact
  • Organizing regular
  • control for toxicity of
  • vehicle exhaust along with introducing the
    methods for treatment and reduction of their
    impact on the state of the air basin.

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32
Air Pollution in Kazakhstanan overview
  • The dangerously high level of air pollution in
    Kazakhstan, due to multiple sources including
    various industrial enterprises and automobile
    emissions, is threatening the health and well
    being of Kazakhstani citizens.

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33
  • Government officials and public health
    representatives are prioritizing preventative
    tasks and proactive plans such as the National
    Environmental Health Action Plan to combat the
    issue of air
  • pollution
  • and problems
  • associated
  • with it.

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34
Works Cited
  • Earth Trends 2003-Kazakhstan.www.earthtrends.com
  • Current Environmental Issues-Kazakhstan Air
    Pollution.www.unede.org/env
  • Yahoo! Travel.www.yahoo.com/travel
  • Punchstock Royalty Free Imaging.www.punchstock.com

  • 2000 Ecoworld.www.ecoworld.org
  • Development Fight to Curb Urban
    Pollution.www.nytimes.com
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