Environmental Science

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Environmental Science

• Agriscience Applications

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Forestry

• Competency
• Analyze the conservation practices for utilizing
  forest, wildlife, fisheries and environmental
  resources

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Forest Management

• 1/3 of the United States is covered by forest land

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Trees

• Trees
• Woody perennial plants
• Single stem
• Shrubs
• Bushy
• Multiple stems

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Trees

• Softwood
• Needle type
• Evergreens
• Coniferous
• Hardwoods
• Broad-leaf
• Looses leaves every year
• Deciduous

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Coniferous
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Deciduous
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Trees

• Softwoods
• Southern Pine
• Douglas fir
• Frazier fir

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Douglas fir
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Trees

• Southern Pine
• Loblolly pine
• Longleaf pine
• Shortleaf pine
• Slash pine
• Most common for pulpwood or plywood

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Plywood
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Loblolly pine
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Trees

• Douglas fir
• Most important species of tree in the US
• Used for construction lumber and plywood
• 20 of the timber harvested each year in the US

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Trees

• Frazier fir
• Used for commercial Christmas tree production
• Grown in the mountain of North Carolina

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Hardwoods

• Hardwoods
• Ash
• Birch
• Oak (white and red)

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Trees

• Ash
• Handles and baseball bats
• High resistance to shock
• Birch
• Furniture, plywood and paneling
• Verneer
• thin sheet of wood glued to a cheaper species of
  wood

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White Ash
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River Birch
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Trees

• Oak
• White and Red
• Very strong
• Flooring
• Furniture
• Fencing

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Forest Management

• Replacing Trees that have been harvested
• Natural seeding lease expensive way to replace
  forest
• Planting trees is a surer method

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Forest Management

• Managing growing timber
• Prescribed burn
• Reduce the risk of wildfires
• Reduce litter
• Prescribed thinning
• remove competing trees

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Forest Management

• Harvesting Timber
• Selection cutting
• Recommended in a mixed forest consisting of trees
  of different ages and size
• Reduces erosion
• Clear Cutting
• All trees are removed
• Can cause erosion problems

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Forestry Equipment

• Increment borer
• Age of trees
• Planting Bar
• Tree scale stick
• Estimate tree volume
• Tree tape
• Most accurate in determining circumference

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Estimating Saw Timber Volume

• DBH
• diameter breast height
• measure at 4.5 feet
• 25 inches from the dominant eye
• Tree Height
• measured at 66 feet
• one chain
• determine the number of 16 logs

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Diameter Breast Height (DBH)
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Diameter Breast Height (DBH)
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Tree Height
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Calculating Board Feet

• Measurement of volume
• Formula

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Calculating Board Feet

• Problem
• calculate board feet if you have 5 pieces of
  lumber that are 2 inches thick, 4 inches wide,
  and all are 8 feet long

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Calculating Board Feet

• Answer

bf 26.6
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Forestry Careers

• Foresters
• Assistance in managing forest
• Recommend harvesting methods
• Recommend seeding methods
• Monitor disease and insects
• Average yearly salary in North Carolina
• 41,184

Source Bridges Career Explorer
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Forestry Careers

• Timber cruiser
• Estimate timber volume
• Outdoor work requiring physical stamina
• High School diploma
• Training in estimating tree volume

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Wildlife Management
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Wildlife Management

• Objective
• Interpret wildlife management practices as
  related to good environmental management

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Wildlife Management

• Usually a by-product of the family operation
• Sustainable habitat and food are essential in
  increasing the number of wildlife on a farm
• Leaving brush piles when harvesting
• Leave crop residue standing

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Crop Residue
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Wildlife Management

• Hunting and fishing as proper management
• Remove excess wildlife
• Prevents
• Overpopulation
• Malnutrition
• Disease
• Overall decreases in population

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Wildlife Management

• Carrying Capacity
• Number of wildlife that can be supported
  throughout the year
• Hunting and fishing help maintain carrying
  capacity
• Results of overpopulation
• Water quality of a stream with a carrying
  capacity of 20 fish will decrease if 50 fish are
  in the stream

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Deer Overpopulation
Browse Line in Texas
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Assignment

• View the protection of Wildlife DVD
• Prepare for a quiz

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Quiz

• What are the four essential elements of a
  Habitat?
• What is the main purpose of predators
• What Act of congress is designed to protect
  animal populations

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Careers in Wildlife
Game Warden
Wildlife Careers
Ecologist
Wildlife Biologist
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Careers in Wildlife

• Ecologist
• Studies the effect of the environment on animal
  life
• Wildlife Biologist
• Advises the establishment of fish/game laws
• Explores habitat improvement programs

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Careers in Wildlife

• Game Warden
• Enforces hunting and fishing regulations
• Government employee under the Wildlife Commission
• Controls the harvesting of wildlife
• Should enjoy working outdoors

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Aquatics

• The management of aquatic environments to
  increase the harvest of usable plants and animal
  products

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Aquatics

• Cage Cultures
• Production system
• Aquatic animals and plants are contained in a
  small area
• Easier to monitor
• Better growth rates
• Limited movement which could cause stress

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Aquatics

• Recirculating Tanks
• Production method
• Processes water through a biological filter

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Recirculating Tanks
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Aquatics

• Roll Over
• A ponds water quality suddenly changes
• Less oxygenated water is brought to the surface
  and low levels of dissolved oxygen cause fish to
  die
• Difficulty in managing an aquaculture system is
  related to the amount of fish in the system

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Aquatics

• Fish adapted to aquaculture systems
• Trout (cold running water)
• Catfish
• Bass
• Tilapia

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Trout
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Catfish
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Largemouth Bass
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Tilapia
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Soil and Water
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Soil Water

• Objective
• Investigate water and its properties as it
  relates to the production of food and fiber

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Water Properties

• Universal Solvent
• It dissolves or changes more other materials than
  anything else-
• Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
• The cycling of water between water sources,
  atmosphere, and surface water

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Assignment

• Using a clean sheet of paper and colored markers,
  draw the water cycle.
• Use all the components necessary to complete the
  cycle.

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(No Transcript)
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Types of Water

• Capillary
• Water that can be adsorbed by plant roots
• Free Water
• Gravitational
• Water that drains out of soil after it has been
  wetted

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Water

• Permeability
• The rate of movement of air and water through the
  soil
• Saturation
• Water is added until all the pores are filled
• Two or three inches of rain in a few hours

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Soils
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Soil

• Objective
• Evaluate soil as related to the production of
  food and fiber

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Soil

• Soil profile
• A Horizon Topsoil
• B Horizon Subsoil
• C Horizon Parent material

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Soil Profile
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Soil Texture

• Refers to the size of soil particles
• Sand largest soil particle in soil
• Sandy soils have problems holding enough water
  for good plant growth.
• Individual particles can be seen with naked eye

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Soil Texture

• Silt Intermediate size soil particles but cant
  be seen with naked eye.
• Clay smallest soil particle clayey soils hold
  lots of water but may be airtight, infertile for
  root growth, and associated with wet soils.

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Soil Structure

• The way soil particles cling together to form
  soil units or aggregates, while leaving pore
  space to store air, water, nutrients, and allow
  root penetration

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Soil Structure

• Single
• grain is associated with sandy soils
• Granular
• particles cling together to form rounded
  aggregates very desirable for all soil uses
• Blocky
• particles cling together in angular aggregates
  typical of soils with high clay content

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Blocky Structure
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Granular
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Structure
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Soil Classification

• Land capability class
• Based on physical, chemical and topographical
• Class I II- Intensive cultivation
• Class VII- Steeply sloping (trees)
• Class VIII- Wildlife and recreation

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Soil Conservation

• Erosion
• Sheet
• Gully

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Sheet Erosion
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Gully Erosion
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Gully Erosion
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Soil Conservation

• Conventional
• Disturbs soil by plowing
• Conservation
• Intermediate (Conventional and no-till)

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Soil Enhancement

• Use fertilizer to add nutrients
• Use lime to raise pH
• Increases the availability of nutrients

N-P-K
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Soil Enhancement
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Careers in Soil Water Management

• Four Year Degree
• Soil scientist
• Soil conservationist
• Implements best use practices
• Wildlife biologist

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Careers in Soil Water Management

• Two year degree or less
• Soil technician
• Obtains soil samples
• Wildlife technician
• Tags wildlife and gathers information