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Chapter Eight: The Umbrella Effect

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Title: Chapter Eight: The Umbrella Effect


1
Chapter EightThe Umbrella Effect
2
Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
3
Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
  • The impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on
    Central Asia
  • The Stans (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,
    Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan) moved into
    self-government
  • The new Russian Federation wanted nothing to do
    with their old possession in Central Asia
  • The new governments ended up with authoritarian
    regimes far removed from the common people, which
    led to unrest across the region, and the climate
    became ripe for religious radicals to gain
    influence

4
Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
  • Three groups that grew in Central Asia after
    1991
  • The Hezb-ul-Tahir
  • A Palestinian organization that moved to Central
    Asia to preach conversion to Islam
  • The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)
  • Proposed a violent jihad against Islam Karimov,
    the dictator of Uzbekistan
  • Ethnic Uighars from western China
  • Organized to revive an eighteenth-century state
    in Chinas Xing Xian (New Frontier) province

5
Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
  • The Jihadists move to India
  • Much of Indias terrorist problem centered on
    Jammu and Kashmir, a disputed territory along the
    Indian and Pakistani border
  • Indias and Pakistans internal problems
  • India was concerned with growing terrorism
    fostered by Pakistani groups, its own internal
    Jihadists, and Sikh terrorists (the Sikhs are a
    religious group combining monotheism with
    precepts of Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism)

6
Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
  • The Jihadist movement in Southeast Asia
  • Jihadist groups began forming in Indonesia in the
    early 1990s
  • Lashkar Jihad
  • Formed to fight Christians in the East
  • Jamaat Islamiyya
  • Formed with the purpose of placing Indonesia
    under strict Islamic law

7
Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
  • The Philippines
  • Religious and ideological rebellions were
    repeated themes
  • The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
  • Seeks an independent Islamic state
  • Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
  • Seeks to create an Islamic state under strict
    interpretations of Islamic law
  • Abu Sayyuf
  • Claims to be part of the Jihadist movement, but
    is most closely associated with criminal
    activity, and seems more interest in money than
    religion
  • The New Peoples Army
  • Hopes to turn the Philippines into a communist
    state

8
Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
  • Ethnic Chechnyans and Russians
  • Chechnyan rebels should not be lumped with other
    Jihadist movements
  • Chechnyans are engaged in a legitimate war of
    independence and are not like other Jihadist
    terrorists

9
Sunni Jihad from Africa to the West
10
Sunni Jihad from Africa to the West
  • The Algerian Civil War
  • In 1992, an Islamic party won the national
    election in Algeria
  • The Algerian military took control of the
    government and voided the elections
  • The military coup ended in the Civil War, during
    which more than one hundred thousand people died
    between 1992 and 2002

11
Sunni Jihad from Africa to the West
  • The path of the Jihadist groups
  • The Muslim Brotherhood
  • Started in Cairo in 1928 under the leadership of
    Hassan al Banna
  • By 1951, after al Bannas assassination, the
    movement grew violent, partly because of the
    influence of Sayyid Qutb
  • Qutb was executed in 1966, and the Brotherhood
    returned to its original mission of peace
  • Al Qaeda
  • Moved to Sudan in 1992, and found willing
    partners in the north
  • In some cases, Jihadist groups shared training
    and members with al Qaeda

12
Sunni Jihad from Africa to the West
  • Jihad in the international arena
  • Qutb advocated of revolutionary reform inside
    government, but he argued it was necessary to
    confront and defeat infidel government not under
    the rule of Islamic law
  • Jihadists sought to impose Islamic law on the
    world
  • As a result, Jihadists used Africa as a
    springboard to the West
  • Hezbollah (Party of God)
  • Spawned in Lebanon after the Iranian Revolution,
    which culminated in the overthrow of the secular
    shah of Iran
  • Hezbollahs purpose is to spread the Islamic law
    of Shiite Islam

13
The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
14
The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
  • Shiite beliefs
  • One of Mohammeds decedents must return before
    God judges humanity
  • Mohammeds power flowed through his heirs
  • Mohammed had twelve direct heirs, or imams, and
    that the last imam was taken directly to heaven

15
The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
  • The birth of Hezbollah
  • Secular Syrian Baathists wanted to establish
    control in Lebanon
  • Lebanon was locked in a multifaceted civil war
  • Secular Palestinians in the Palestine Liberation
    Organization (PLO) moved into the Shiite areas
    of southern Lebanon
  • The Syrians backed the southern Shiites in the
    civil war, pitting the Shiites and the Syrians
    against the PLO
  • The Israelis invaded Lebanon in 1982 to drive the
    PLO from the south. This led to an alliance among
    Irans Revolutionary Guards, secular Syrian
    Baathists, and southern Lebanese Shiites
  • As Shiite militias resisted the Israeli
    invasion, one group began to form in the shadows
    of the civil war. It centered around a
    nonorganization- a governing council to share
    ideas, plans, and money, but designed to
    disappear and leave autonomous groups to carry
    out attacks under a variety of names. They called
    themselves Hezbollah, or the Party of God

16
The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
  • The Umbrella organization of Hezbollah
  • Overhead, Syrian and Iranian money and supplies
    poured into the movement
  • Below the umbrella, several Shiite cells
    operated autonomously and received money,
    weapons, and ideas through hidden channels linked
    with the spiritual leaders
  • The leadership formed alliances with two Lebanese
    Shiite groups, Al Dawa and Islamic Amal

17
The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
  • Leadership of Hezbollah
  • Sheik Mohammed Hassan Fadallah
  • Charismatic spiritual leader
  • Abus Musawi
  • Provided loose connections to Iran
  • Hassan Nasrallah
  • Practical miltarist

18
The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
  • The developmental phases of Hezbollah
  • Phase one (1982-1985), the umbrella covered many
    terrorist groups
  • After 1985, Hezbollahs leaders wanted to develop
    a revolutionary movement similar to that which
    gripped Iran in 1978 and 1979
  • Narsrallah began changing the structure of
    Hezbollah in 1985
  • He established regional centers, transforming
    them to operational bases between 1987 and 1989
  • Hezbollah on the warpath
  • The marine barracks bombing
  • Kidnapping campaign in Beirut

19
The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
  • The third phase came in 1990
  • Nasrallah created a regional militia by 1990
  • Hezbollahs militia soon found itself in trouble
    Squabbling broke out among various groups, and
    Hezbollah was forced to fight Syria and Islamic
    Amal
  • The fourth phase brought the organizations from
    the shadows
  • By 1995, Hezbollah developed strong political
    bases of support in parts of Beirut, the Bekaa
    Valley, and its stronghold in southern Lebanon
  • When Palestinians rose against the Israelis in
    2000, Hezbollah embraced their cause, and its
    transformation was complete. It was a
    nationalistic group with a military wing, and its
    stated goals were to eliminate Israel and to
    establish an Islamic government in Lebanon

20
The Current State of Hezbollah
21
The Current State of Hezbollah
  • Hezbollahs three directorates
  • The political wing, the social services wing, the
    security wing
  • Each directorate is subservient to a Supreme
    Council, currently headed by Hassan Nasrallah
  • Hezbollah receives funding from Iran

22
The Current State of Hezbollah
  • Hezbollahs tactics
  • The primary tactic is bombing
  • Suicide bombing
  • Radio-controlled bombs
  • Hezbollah international
  • The Supreme Council denies its existence
  • The international section has cells in several
    different countries, including the United States,
    and maintains an extensive international finance
    ring partially based on smuggling, drugs, and
    other crimes

23
A Sympathetic View of Hezbollah
24
A Sympathetic View of Hezbollah
  • Hezbollah had no intention of spreading the
    Iranian Revolution they merely wanted to defend
    their community
  • They are a religious and political organization
    supporting a guerrilla army, and the purpose of
    the army is to defeat Israel
  • The main focus of Hezbollah is social service in
    the form of education, health services, and
    social security

25
A Sympathetic View of Hezbollah
  • Hezbollah guerrillas believe that fighting the
    Israelis is not an act of terrorism
  • Most Arabs find Hezbollah to be a source of
    inspiration
  • Hassan Fadlallah condemned the September 11
    attacks as un-Islamic, refusing to call the
    hijackers martyrs and maintaining they
    committed suicide while murdering innocent people

26
A Critical View of Hezbollah
27
A Critical View of Hezbollah
  • Hezbollah is a terrorist organization because
  • The suicide attacks it carried out against
    civilians and peacekeeping forces
  • Its kidnapping rampage from 1983 to 1990
  • 1985 hijacking of a TWA flight
  • Two bombings in Argentina in 1992 and 1994
  • Hezbollah has been responsible for a campaign of
    suicide bombings, the murders of Lebanese
    Christians, international arms smuggling, and a
    host of international criminal activity

28
A Critical View of Hezbollah
  • Hezbollahs uncompromising political stand, and
    critics contend that it exists for only two
    reasons to impose a Shiite government on
    Lebanon and to destroy the state of Israel
  • Alasdair Soussi says Hezbollah exports its
    revolutionary ideals , claiming that contacts
    exist between Hezbollah and the Iraqi resistance
    movement
  • Jessica Stern points out that Hezbollah interacts
    with other terrorist groups around the world

29
A Critical View of Hezbollah
  • Hezbollah is part of the Jihadist network, but
    its origins and reasons for existing are found in
    the struggle over Palestine
  • Hezbollah provided a model for the formation of
    an international umbrella of terrorist
    organizations. The international section remains
    a conglomeration of like-minded semiautonomous
    groups
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