Title: Chapter Eight: The Umbrella Effect
1Chapter EightThe Umbrella Effect
2Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
3Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
- The impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on
Central Asia
- The Stans (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,
Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan) moved into
self-government
- The new Russian Federation wanted nothing to do
with their old possession in Central Asia
- The new governments ended up with authoritarian
regimes far removed from the common people, which
led to unrest across the region, and the climate
became ripe for religious radicals to gain
influence
4Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
- Three groups that grew in Central Asia after
1991
- The Hezb-ul-Tahir
- A Palestinian organization that moved to Central
Asia to preach conversion to Islam
- The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)
- Proposed a violent jihad against Islam Karimov,
the dictator of Uzbekistan
- Ethnic Uighars from western China
- Organized to revive an eighteenth-century state
in Chinas Xing Xian (New Frontier) province
5Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
- The Jihadists move to India
- Much of Indias terrorist problem centered on
Jammu and Kashmir, a disputed territory along the
Indian and Pakistani border
- Indias and Pakistans internal problems
- India was concerned with growing terrorism
fostered by Pakistani groups, its own internal
Jihadists, and Sikh terrorists (the Sikhs are a
religious group combining monotheism with
precepts of Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism)
6Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
- The Jihadist movement in Southeast Asia
- Jihadist groups began forming in Indonesia in the
early 1990s
- Lashkar Jihad
- Formed to fight Christians in the East
- Jamaat Islamiyya
- Formed with the purpose of placing Indonesia
under strict Islamic law
7Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
- The Philippines
- Religious and ideological rebellions were
repeated themes
- The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
- Seeks an independent Islamic state
- Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
- Seeks to create an Islamic state under strict
interpretations of Islamic law
- Abu Sayyuf
- Claims to be part of the Jihadist movement, but
is most closely associated with criminal
activity, and seems more interest in money than
religion - The New Peoples Army
- Hopes to turn the Philippines into a communist
state
8Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast Asia
- Ethnic Chechnyans and Russians
- Chechnyan rebels should not be lumped with other
Jihadist movements
- Chechnyans are engaged in a legitimate war of
independence and are not like other Jihadist
terrorists
9Sunni Jihad from Africa to the West
10Sunni Jihad from Africa to the West
- The Algerian Civil War
- In 1992, an Islamic party won the national
election in Algeria
- The Algerian military took control of the
government and voided the elections
- The military coup ended in the Civil War, during
which more than one hundred thousand people died
between 1992 and 2002
11Sunni Jihad from Africa to the West
- The path of the Jihadist groups
- The Muslim Brotherhood
- Started in Cairo in 1928 under the leadership of
Hassan al Banna
- By 1951, after al Bannas assassination, the
movement grew violent, partly because of the
influence of Sayyid Qutb
- Qutb was executed in 1966, and the Brotherhood
returned to its original mission of peace
- Al Qaeda
- Moved to Sudan in 1992, and found willing
partners in the north
- In some cases, Jihadist groups shared training
and members with al Qaeda
12Sunni Jihad from Africa to the West
- Jihad in the international arena
- Qutb advocated of revolutionary reform inside
government, but he argued it was necessary to
confront and defeat infidel government not under
the rule of Islamic law - Jihadists sought to impose Islamic law on the
world
- As a result, Jihadists used Africa as a
springboard to the West
- Hezbollah (Party of God)
- Spawned in Lebanon after the Iranian Revolution,
which culminated in the overthrow of the secular
shah of Iran
- Hezbollahs purpose is to spread the Islamic law
of Shiite Islam
13The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
14The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
- Shiite beliefs
- One of Mohammeds decedents must return before
God judges humanity
- Mohammeds power flowed through his heirs
- Mohammed had twelve direct heirs, or imams, and
that the last imam was taken directly to heaven
15The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
- The birth of Hezbollah
- Secular Syrian Baathists wanted to establish
control in Lebanon
- Lebanon was locked in a multifaceted civil war
- Secular Palestinians in the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO) moved into the Shiite areas
of southern Lebanon
- The Syrians backed the southern Shiites in the
civil war, pitting the Shiites and the Syrians
against the PLO
- The Israelis invaded Lebanon in 1982 to drive the
PLO from the south. This led to an alliance among
Irans Revolutionary Guards, secular Syrian
Baathists, and southern Lebanese Shiites - As Shiite militias resisted the Israeli
invasion, one group began to form in the shadows
of the civil war. It centered around a
nonorganization- a governing council to share
ideas, plans, and money, but designed to
disappear and leave autonomous groups to carry
out attacks under a variety of names. They called
themselves Hezbollah, or the Party of God
16The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
- The Umbrella organization of Hezbollah
- Overhead, Syrian and Iranian money and supplies
poured into the movement
- Below the umbrella, several Shiite cells
operated autonomously and received money,
weapons, and ideas through hidden channels linked
with the spiritual leaders - The leadership formed alliances with two Lebanese
Shiite groups, Al Dawa and Islamic Amal
17The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
- Leadership of Hezbollah
- Sheik Mohammed Hassan Fadallah
- Charismatic spiritual leader
- Abus Musawi
- Provided loose connections to Iran
- Hassan Nasrallah
- Practical miltarist
18The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
- The developmental phases of Hezbollah
- Phase one (1982-1985), the umbrella covered many
terrorist groups
- After 1985, Hezbollahs leaders wanted to develop
a revolutionary movement similar to that which
gripped Iran in 1978 and 1979
- Narsrallah began changing the structure of
Hezbollah in 1985
- He established regional centers, transforming
them to operational bases between 1987 and 1989
- Hezbollah on the warpath
- The marine barracks bombing
- Kidnapping campaign in Beirut
19The Metamorphosis of Hezbollah
- The third phase came in 1990
- Nasrallah created a regional militia by 1990
- Hezbollahs militia soon found itself in trouble
Squabbling broke out among various groups, and
Hezbollah was forced to fight Syria and Islamic
Amal - The fourth phase brought the organizations from
the shadows
- By 1995, Hezbollah developed strong political
bases of support in parts of Beirut, the Bekaa
Valley, and its stronghold in southern Lebanon
- When Palestinians rose against the Israelis in
2000, Hezbollah embraced their cause, and its
transformation was complete. It was a
nationalistic group with a military wing, and its
stated goals were to eliminate Israel and to
establish an Islamic government in Lebanon
20The Current State of Hezbollah
21The Current State of Hezbollah
- Hezbollahs three directorates
- The political wing, the social services wing, the
security wing
- Each directorate is subservient to a Supreme
Council, currently headed by Hassan Nasrallah
- Hezbollah receives funding from Iran
22The Current State of Hezbollah
- Hezbollahs tactics
- The primary tactic is bombing
- Suicide bombing
- Radio-controlled bombs
- Hezbollah international
- The Supreme Council denies its existence
- The international section has cells in several
different countries, including the United States,
and maintains an extensive international finance
ring partially based on smuggling, drugs, and
other crimes
23A Sympathetic View of Hezbollah
24A Sympathetic View of Hezbollah
- Hezbollah had no intention of spreading the
Iranian Revolution they merely wanted to defend
their community
- They are a religious and political organization
supporting a guerrilla army, and the purpose of
the army is to defeat Israel
- The main focus of Hezbollah is social service in
the form of education, health services, and
social security
25A Sympathetic View of Hezbollah
- Hezbollah guerrillas believe that fighting the
Israelis is not an act of terrorism
- Most Arabs find Hezbollah to be a source of
inspiration
- Hassan Fadlallah condemned the September 11
attacks as un-Islamic, refusing to call the
hijackers martyrs and maintaining they
committed suicide while murdering innocent people
26A Critical View of Hezbollah
27A Critical View of Hezbollah
- Hezbollah is a terrorist organization because
- The suicide attacks it carried out against
civilians and peacekeeping forces
- Its kidnapping rampage from 1983 to 1990
- 1985 hijacking of a TWA flight
- Two bombings in Argentina in 1992 and 1994
- Hezbollah has been responsible for a campaign of
suicide bombings, the murders of Lebanese
Christians, international arms smuggling, and a
host of international criminal activity
28A Critical View of Hezbollah
- Hezbollahs uncompromising political stand, and
critics contend that it exists for only two
reasons to impose a Shiite government on
Lebanon and to destroy the state of Israel - Alasdair Soussi says Hezbollah exports its
revolutionary ideals , claiming that contacts
exist between Hezbollah and the Iraqi resistance
movement - Jessica Stern points out that Hezbollah interacts
with other terrorist groups around the world
29A Critical View of Hezbollah
- Hezbollah is part of the Jihadist network, but
its origins and reasons for existing are found in
the struggle over Palestine
- Hezbollah provided a model for the formation of
an international umbrella of terrorist
organizations. The international section remains
a conglomeration of like-minded semiautonomous
groups