Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Europe

1
Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Europe

• Chapter 16

2
Different Governing

• Focus of government
• Policy decisions
• Succession
• Religion

3
European Dynasties

• Nationality not of prime importance
• Charles I (Charles V) (1519-1558)
• I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French
  to men and German to my horse
• Hapsburgs - Holy Roman Empire and Spain
• France - Bourbon
• England - Tudor and Stuarts

4
Seventeenth Century Europe
5
Absolutism

• Monarch in history
• Sovereignty - Jean Bodin
• giving laws to people without their consent
• Bishop Boussuet - power from God
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Intendants

6
Louis XIV and France

• Longest reigning monarch
• Divine right of king
• Establish monarchy
• Limit nobles

7
Wars of Louis

• War of Devolution - 1667-1668
• Spanish Netherlands
• Succession Question unanswered
• The Dutch War - 1672 - 1678
• Treaty of Nijmegen - neutrality
• War of Spanish Succession 1700-1713

8
Aftermath

• Treaty of Utrecht
• Territorial shifts
• North America
• Europe
• Bourbon on Spanish throne
• But

9
France - Absolutism

• Good
• Efficient government
• In touch with kingdom
• Wealth
• Bad
• Taxation system problems
• Peasants and nobility

10
England

• Stuarts - James I
• Divine right monarch
• Religious difference
• Calvinist - Anglicans
• Clash with parliament
• Puritans
• Taxation

11
Charles I

• Taxation conflict like father
• 1629 - dismisses parliament - 11 years
• Married French Catholic
• Imposed Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Scots
• Scottish revolt - needs tax money

12
Puritan Parliament

• Eleven Years Tyranny
• Revenge against king
• Laws to limit the power
• Charles invades parliament
• Civil War ensued - 1642-1646
• Cavaliers - royalists
• Roundheads - Oliver Cromwell

13
Commonwealth

• Charles defeated - 1645
• 1649 - executed
• Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector
• Puritan social restrictions
• Charles II - king 1660
• Advisers and Parliament Ministers

14
Charles II

• Royalist parliament
• Test Act 1673 - Anglicans
• No heir - brother becomes king
• James II

15
James II

• Catholic
• Declaration of religious freedom
• Bishops in Tower of London
• Downfall - son born
• Nobility wanted change
• Petition William of Orange and wife Mary
• Glorious Revolution

16
Impact

• English Bill of Rights
• John Locke - Second Treatise of Civil Government
• Not democratic why?
• - Parliament

17
Significance of the Glorious Revolution

• Bill of Rights
• Worlds first significant push to full
  parliamentary government
• Act of Succession
• Hanoverian Dynasty

18
Dutch Republic

• Scientific, artistic, literary achievement
• Republican government
• Calvinist values
• Religious toleration
• Economic growth
• Banking center
• Fishing
• Dutch East and West India Company

19
Eastern European Empires

• Began at same time as in western Europe but
  lasted longer
• Borders unstable because of war
• Biggest - Russia, Austria, and Prussia
• Evolved differently

20
Absolutism Different

• Feudalism lasted longer - agrarian economy
• Limited personal freedom
• No exploration - conquest
• Silent compromise
• No or small middle class
• Royal house stable

21
Prussia

• After Thirty Years War
• Prussia - Hohenzollern princes
• Frederick William, the Great Elector (1640-88)
• Prussia, Brandenburg, and smaller holdings in
  western Germany
• Revenue tripled - professional army
• Junkers served the government or in the military

22
Prussian Expansion
23
Rise of Prussia

• Rise of Prussia continued - military key
• Frederick I - son
• Able to secure title of king - War of Spanish
  Succession
• Frederick II the Great, - grandson
• Military genius
• Rival to Austria

24
Austria - Hapsburgs

• United areas
• Austria - German Catholics
• Bohemia
• Start of Thirty Years War
• Prague - large German population
• Hungary
• Threats
• Ottoman Empire
• France

25
Expansion of Austria
26
Austria - Problems

• Ottomans approach Vienna -1683
• Prosecution of war ended due to French threat -
  Ottoman regain
• Treaty of Karlowitz - 1699
• Resume after War of Spanish Succession
• Due to expansion - not homogeneous
• Ten nationalities - no national identity

27
Austria

• Due to expansion - not homogeneous
• Ten nationalities - no national identity
• Maria Theresa - 1740-1780
• Modernized military
• Central government
• Losing German influence - turns to south and east

28
Russia

• Early civilization centered on Kiev
• Adopted orthodox religion
• Ties to Constantinople
• Genghis Khan invaded - 1241
• Isolated Russians from west
• Regressed
• Literacy
• Religion
• Crafts

29
Czars (Tsars)

• Linked to Greek influence - caesar
• Notion of Third Rome
• Ivan III married niece Byzantine ruler
• Ivan IV first to formally use title - 1533
• Battles with Tatars (Mongols) until 1480
• Removed the Yoke
• Used disorganization as advantage
• Join to battle Lithuania

30
Re-emergence

• Due to Tatar invasion
• Russia seen as barbaric
• Division with Europe
• Geography - Moscow
• Limited trade
• Religion
• Church and state work together

31
Absolutism

• Ivan IV (The Terrible) - 1533 -1584
• Persecuted all who questioned
• Boyars - (nobles) fled than endure
• Some executed
• Time of troubles - 1604 - 1613
• False pretender to crown
• Boyars murdered czar
• Cossacks revolt
• Poland and Sweden take territory
• No ruler - 1605-1613

32
Romanov Dynasty

• Michael Romanov at end of troubles
• Peter I (The Great)
• Began contacts with west
• Moved capital to St Petersburg
• Country mostly serfs
• Ruthless
• Forced westernization
• Son tortured - opposed Peter

33
Russian Expansion 1584 - 1796