Antiquity to the Middle Ages:

1
CHAPTER 2

• Antiquity to the Middle Ages
• Music in Rome, Jerusalem,
• and the Early Christian World

2
Rome

• ROMAN EMPIRE, 177 C.E
• While the Romans were fine politicians and
  soldiers, and spectacularly good engineers, much
  of their painting, sculpture, and music was
  derived from the practices of the ancient Greeks.

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ROMAN TUBA PRESERVED IN THE INSTRUMENT
COLLECTION OF THE MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON

• The only truly distinctive Roman musical
  instrument is the tuba.
• It was developed by the Etruscans in northern
  Italy and then used widely throughout Roman
  Empire as a military instrument.
• Mention should be made that the Etruscans
  inhabited the area around Bologna, Italy, and
  that even some two thousand years later, Bologna
  was still a center for the performance of trumpet
  music of high quality, as will be seen with the
  music of Torelli in Chapter 33.

See Fig 2-1 on page 13 For an image of a Roman
Tuba
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Two figures in Roman intellectual history of
great importance

• Martianus Capella (flourished c435 C.E.)
  formulated the categories of knowledge we still
  today call the seven liberal arts, specifically
  the trivium (grammar, logic, and oratory) and the
  quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and
  music). This taxonomy of knowledge remained in
  force in universities in the West well into the
  Renaissance.
• Boethius (c480-524 C.E.), a Roman intellectual
  who gathered together, and gave his own
  interpretation of, ancient Greek music theory
  within a volume he called De institutione musica
  (Fundamentals of Music). In addition to passing
  on much information about the Greek tonoi,
  Greater Perfect System, and system of tuning,
  Boethius posited three general types of music
  musica mundane (music of the spheres), musica
  humana (music of the human body), and musica
  instrumentalis (earthly music as we know it
  performed by voices and/or instruments).

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Jerusalem and the Rise of Early Christian Music

• Liturgy the collection of prayers, chants,
  readings, and ritual acts by which the theology
  of the church, or any organized religion, is
  practiced
• Chant the monophic religious music that is sung
  in a house of worship.
• Jerusalem the birthplace of Christianity and
  Christian liturgy

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Other important types of early Christian chant
and the regions in which they flourished

• Coptic chant music of the Christian Church of
  Egypt, entirely unwritten, still exists today
  pass along orally
• Byzantine chant the music of the Eastern Church
  with its center in Constantinople (Istanbul) and
  early relative of the chant of todays Greek
  Orthodox Church and Russian Orthodox Church
• Roman chant the chant sung in Roman prior to the
  10th century, at which time a new form of chant,
  Gregorian chant, was imported from France and
  Germany to Italy
• Ambrosian chant a dialect of chant encouraged
  and partly composed by St. Ambrose (340?-397C.E.)
  for the church in and around Milan, where he was
  bishop
• Mozarabic chant chant indigenous to Spain before
  an after the Moslem conquest survives in twenty
  manuscripts dating from the ninth through the
  fourteenth centuries, but the notation cannot be
  transcribed with certainty

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THE BEGINNING OF A GALLICAN OFFERTORY