Diversity in Sport Organizations

1
Diversity in Sport Organizations

• Dana Massengale
• PED 735

2
Diversity in Sport Organizations

• What?
• So What?
• Now What?

3
What?

• Diversity in business
• Video
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid3733225786
  590357129
• Definition Video
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid1906843418
  868393347

4
Diversity Activities

• Diversity Definition
• Proverbs
• Wikki Stixs

5
So What?

• Challenges facing diversity in sport
  organizations
• 1 gender
• 2 race
• 3 sexual orientation
• 4 religious beliefs
• 5 socioeconomic

6
Gender

• Women in leadership positions
• Quick facts
• Only 17.7 of all teams are coached by a female
  head coach (
• Average Number of female administrators in
  Womens Programs 1.21
• No womans voice is heard anywhere in the
  administration of almost 1 out of 7 programs
• 98 of all schools have a full time sports
  information director but
• Only 12.1 of the jobs are held by Women
• 
  (Acosta and Carpenter 2006)

7
Gender

• Media representation
• Media video
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid-757319244
  3210581497qwomensportmediatotal237start0n
  um10so0typesearchplindex0
• Quick facts

8
Campus Media
Gender Equity by Campus Media

• College Newspaper
• 72.7 male
• 27.3 female

• College Television
• 81.5 male
• 18.5 female

(Huffman, Tuggle, Rosengar,2006)
9
The Media

• Women in Televised Sport
• Study
• 6weeks
• Evening news/ SportCenter
• 2 0f total minutes
• Including

10
Including.
11
SportCenter

• Its a Boys Club
• 1977
• 5
• 2004
• 2.2
• ESPN TOP 100

• ESPN Response

(Adams and Tuggle 2004)
12
Annika Sorenstam

• 2003 PGA tournament
• Men
• Athletic skill
• Annika
• Emotion
• Attractiveness
• Body

(Billings, Craig , Croce, 2003)
13
Olympics

• Airtime
• Men 53
• Women 47
• (Tuggle Owens 1999)
• Sports
• Physically attractive

14
Gender

• Opportunity for girls
• Wrestling video
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid-121168414
  9489130370qgirlwrestlertotal4158start0num
  10so0typesearchplindex1
• Quick facts

15
Intercollegiate Growth

• 1970 2.5 teams/school
• 2006 8.45 teams/school
• 1978 1402 teams
• 2006 8702 teams

(Acosta and Carpenter 2006)
16
Participation

• Participants in intercollegiate athletics
• High school 3,000,000

• 1970 16,000
• 2006 180,000

(Acosta and Carpenter 2006)
17
Race

• Leadership opportunity
• Quick facts

18
College Sport

• Powerful leaders in college sport are White
• 94.2 of presidents
• 85.8 of athletic directors
• 93.5 of Faculty Athletic Representatives
• 100 of conference commissioners
• (Lapchick,2000)

19
College Coaches

• D-1 head football coaches 93.3 white
• Total 120
• 112-white
• 6 African American
• 2 Latino
• 0 Asians
• 0 Native Americans
• 0 Other
• (Lapchick,2007)

20
Race

• Sport organization policies
• Draft ?
• Indiana center Jermaine O'Neal said the NBA's
  desire to put an age limit in the next collective
  bargaining agreement could be driven by racism.
• "As a black guy, you kind of think that's the
  reason why it's coming up. You don't hear about
  it in baseball or hockey. To say you have to be
  20, 21 to get in the league, it's
  unconstitutional. If I can go to the U.S. army
  and fight the war at 18, why can't you play
  basketball for 48 minutes?"

21
Race

• Racism in sport context
• Don Imus
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid4926728587
  433856701qDonImusrutgerstotal247start0num
  10so0typesearchplindex0
• European Soccer
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid-813960653
  8826980392qracismtotal11910start0num10so
  0typesearchplindex0
• Venus
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid-780785196
  9236554843qracisttennistotal8start0num10
  so0typesearchplindex3

22
Sexual Orientation

• Homophobia
• Quick Facts
• Sport organizations avoid talking about lesbian
  participation in their sport because it could
  affect public relations, sponsorships,
  recruitment, and the image of women in the sport.
  
• (Demers,2006)
• Tim Hardaway video

http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid6652939990
434531230qtimhardawaytotal239start0num10
so0typesearchplindex2
23
Homophobia

• Gay athletes are terrified by the prospect of
  coming out of the closet because of the potential
  consequences rejection by their coaches or
  negative reactions on the part of teammates
  (Will they think Im going to try to seduce
  them?).
• In an attempt to deny their homosexuality
  completely, some gays will become extremely
  violent toward gays and lesbians, particularly
  during their teenage years.
• Homophobia is part and parcel of male sports,
  because to be one of the guys is, by
  definition, to be homophobic.
• (Demers,2006)

24
Religious beliefs

• Quick facts
• Courts
• After leading his team in prayers for 23 years,
  Marcus Borden, a football coach in East
  Brunswick, is involved in a legal battle that is
  pushing the courts to decide the boundaries of
  acceptable religious activity for coaches and
  other educators in public schools.
• The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit
  heard arguments on whether Borden has the right
  to bow his head and kneel while his players pray
  around him. Borden says he is not leading his
  players in prayer but simply supporting them.
  School officials say the coach should not
  participate in the prayers.

25
Socioeconomic

• Opportunities
• Quick Facts
• Pay to play on the rise
• USA Today
• 34 states
• NIAAA
• Half of schools
• Range of names, amounts
• Participation rates lt 1/3
• (Smith , 2004)

26
Now What?

• Bring it home
• UNLV
• Address your biases

27
Now what?

• Promote diversity in sport organization
• Strategies (brainstorm activity)
• Organizational Structure of diversity
• Impact of cultural diversity is a function of the
  management of that diversity (Doherty
  Chelladuria,1999)

28
Conclusion

• What?
• So What?
• Now What?

29
References

• Acosta, R.V. and Carpenter, L.J. (2002) Women in
  intercollegiate sport. A longitudinal, national
  study- twenty nine year update- 1977-2006.
  Unpublished Manuscript. Brooklyn College,
  Brooklyn, New York.
• Adams ,T. Tuggle,C.A ( 2004) ESPNs
  SportsCenter and coverage of womens athletics
  Its a boys club. Mass Communication and
  Society, 7(2)237-248.
• Antonelli, D. (1994). Marketing intercollegiate
  womens basketball. Sport MarketingQuarterly,
  3(2), 2933.

30
References

• Barr,C.A.,Sutton, W.A., McDermott, E.M.(1999)
  Marketing implications of Title IX on athletic
  departments. Sport Market Quarterly.8 (3) 9-20.
• Billings, A.C., Halone, K.K., Denham, B.E.
  (2002) Man that was a pretty shot An
  analysis of gender broadcast commentary of the
  2000 Mens and Womens Final Four basketball
  tournaments. Mass Communication and Society, 5(3)
  295-315.
• Billings, A.C.,(2006) Just One of the Guys?
  Network depictions of Annika Sorenstam in the
  2003 PGA Colonial Tournament. Journal of Sport
  Social Issues, 30 (1) 107-14.
• Doherty, A., Packianathan, C. (1999). Managing
  cultural diversity in sport organizations A
  theoretical perception. Journal of Sport
  Management, 13, 280-297.
• Eastman,S.,Billings,A.C. (2000)Sportscasting and
  Sports reporting The power of gender bias .
  Journal of Sport Social Issues. 24(2),192-213.

31
References

• Hallmark,J.R.,Armsrong, R.N. (1999). Gender
  equity in televised sports A comparative
  analysis of mens and womens NCAA Division1
  basketball championship broadcasts, 1991-1995 .
  Journal of Broadcasting and Electronical Media,
  43, 222-235.
• Demers. G, (2006)Homophobia in Sport Fact of
  Life, Taboo Subject
• The Canadian Journal for Women in Coaching.
  Retrieved from
• www.coach.ca/WOMEN/e/journal/apr2006/print_develop
  ing.htm
• Lapchick, R. (2007) The buck stops here
  Assessing Diversity among campus and confrence
  leaders for division 1A schools. Retrieved
  November2,2007 from www.BUS.EDU/SPORT
• Tuggle,C.A. (1997). Differences in television
  sports reporting of mens and womens athletics
  ESPN SportsCenter and CNN SportsTonight. Journal
  of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 41(14-24).
• Tuggle,C.A. Owen A. (1999) A descriptive
  analysis of NBCs coverage of the centennial
  Olympics. Journal of Sport Social Issues, 23(2)
  171-182.