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Regulations in Fish Trade

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Title: Regulations in Fish Trade


1
Regulations in Fish Trade
  • Helga Josupeit
  • June 2006
  • TCP/RAS/3011

2
Presentation will cover
  • Free Trade Agreements of main importing nations
  • USA
  • EU
  • Japan
  • Tariffs
  • EU
  • Japan
  • USA
  • Other issues

3
Free Trade Agreements - USA
  • Israel (1985)
  • Chile (2003)
  • Australia (2004)
  • Central America-Dominican Republic-(2004)
  • Jordan (2000)
  • Singapore (2003)
  • Bahrain (2004)
  • Morocco (2004)

4
Free Trade Agreements - USA
  • US Andean countries FTA still under discussion
  • US Panama FTA still under discussion
  • U.S. and Southern African Nations Plan for
    Upcoming FTA Negotiations

5
Free Trade Agreements USA and fisheries
  • Andean Community countries only tuna in pouch
    has duty free entry into USA
  • Free Trade Treaty for Central American countries
    0 tariff for tuna in oil, 1-2 for other
    canned tuna
  • NAFTA

6
Free Trade Agreements USA and fisheries (cont.)
  • Discussion on Free Trade Agreement with Thailand,
    and implications for domestic (American Samoa)
    tuna canneries
  • 0 duty for Australian canned tuna

7
Free Trade Agreements and GSPs- EU
  • ACP
  • Andean Community
  • Central America
  • Mexico
  • Chile
  • SGP

8
GSP EU and participating countries
  • ACP PNG, Solomon Islands
  • SGPA Bangladesh, Solomon Islands, Maldives,
  • SGPE Sri Lanka
  • SGPL India, Indonesia, PNG, Thailand, Malaysia,
    Pakistan

9
Free Trade Agreements Japan
  • Mexico-Japan Free Trade Agreement signed in April
    2005
  • Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement
    to be signed soon
  • Japan-Singapore Economic Partnership Agreement,
    signed in December 2002
  • Thailand-Japan FTA under discussion
  • Indonesia-Japan FTA under discussion
  • Chile-Japan FTA under discussion

10
Tariffs
  • USA
  • http//www.usitc.gov/tata/hts/bychapter/index.htm

  • Japan http//www.apectariff.org/tdb.cgi/ff3235/ape
    ccgi.cgi?JP
  • EU http//www.europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/
    dds/en/tarhome.htm

11
Tuna
12
Tuna Tariffs - USA
  • classical 6 on canned tuna in brine imports,
    up to a quota, 12.5 when quota is filled (2004
    quota was 23 000 tonnes)
  • Tuna in oil has a tariff of 35
  • Andean Community countries only tuna in pouch
    has duty free entry into USA
  • Free Trade Treaty for Central American countries
    0 tariff for tuna in oil, 1-2 for other
    canned tuna

13
Tuna Tariffs - USA
  • INFOFISH member countries have the following
    tariffs for
  • canned tuna in brine 6 until quota is filled,
    12.5 thereafter
  • canned tuna in oil 35
  • tuna pouch 6 until quota is filled, 12.5
    thereafter
  • tuna loins 1.1cent/kg, In bulk or in immediate
    containers weighing with their contents over 6.8
    kg each, 6 otherwise

14
Tuna Tariffs EU
  • EU tariffs are 18 for frozen whole tuna
    (suspended, that means real duty is zero) and 24
    for tuna loins and canned tuna
  • SPGA zero
  • SPGE zero
  • SPGL 20.5

15
Tuna Tariffs - EU
  • New EU members had to increase duty to 24 for
    all canned tuna imports
  • Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia got a 12
    tariff quota (about 25 000 tonnes per year) until
    July 2006
  • Mexico import quota at 7.9 4500 tonnes

16
Tariffs EU canned tuna
  • Indonesia, 2833 tonnes of canned tuna quota at
    12, afterwards 20.5
  • Thailand, 13390 tonnes of canned tuna quota at
    12, afterwards 20.5
  • India, Malaysia, and Pakistan (and many others)
    257 tonnes of canned tuna quota at 12,
    afterwards 20.5
  • Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives 0

17
Tuna Tariffs Japan
  • Reduction of tariffs for tuna
  • fresh and frozen tuna from 10 to 5 under the
    GATT agreement, and now to 3.5
  • Canned tuna from 20 to 15 under the GATT
    agreement, and now to 9.6, and even as low as
    6.4 or free for special concessions

18
Tariffs and other trade issues Japan
  • Organization for Promotion of Responsible Tuna
    Fisheries (OPRT)
  • Positive Listing in Japan
  • both for wild (November 2003)
  • and farmed tuna (August 2004)

19
Other issues
  • Carbon monoxide use prohibited in the EU
    (outlawed since decades, but enforcement started
    since early 2004) but some confusion
  • Carbon monoxide use prohibited in Japan (since
    1997)
  • GRAS status in USA but under discussion
  • Use of hydro protein in canned tuna not allowed
    in the EU (December 2003)

20
Other issues
  • Methyl-mercury warning in USA, UK and Ireland
  • US Tuna Foundation advertising campaign Tuna.
    Smart Catch
  • Country of origin labelling in USA
  • DNA testing on false tuna in Japan
  • All tuna In Japan must be labelled with
    details of its origin

21
Conclusion for tuna
  • Tariff reduction is a fact and investors and
    canners have to be aware of it
  • Already now companies are investing in those
    countries where lower tariffs exist
  • It is an illusion to fight for tariff protection
    in order to protect ones industry
  • Consumers will have the final say on quality and
    origin, including environmental concerns

22
Shrimp
23
Tariffs for shrimp- USA
  • Tariffs in the US market for shrimp
  • 0 tariff for all frozen products
  • 5 tariff, when canned with fish meat
  • ) except for the anti-dumping tariffs.

24
US anti-dumping
  • Against countries selling at a price below in
    domestic (US) production prices
  • Obvious difference between the US definition of
    dumping and the WTO definition
  • Thailand filed a complain to the WTO in March
    2006, Ecuador, India and Japan watch the issue.

25
US anti-dumping
  • Countries affected
  • Brazil up to 67.8
  • Ecuador 2.00-3.25
  • India 5.02-15.36
  • Thailand 5.79 - 6.82
  • China 27.89 -82.27
  • Viet Nam 12-93

26
US anti-dumping
  • SSA signed agreements with companies which avoid
    re-investigation and maintain their present tax
  • 19 companies from Viet Nam
  • 12 companies from Thailand
  • 4 companies from Ecuador
  • 1 company from India

27
Other issues
  • Country of origin labeling in USA
  • In September 2004, Wild American Shrimp Campaign
  • Antibiotics levels in shrimp
  • TEDs are still there

28
Tariffs - EU
  • EU tariffs are 18 for frozen Crangon crangon,12
    for other frozen shrimp and 20 for canned
    shrimp
  • Certain tariff reductions are applied

29
Tariffs - EU
  • EU tariffs are 18 for frozen Crangon crangon
    is reduced to 0 for Algeria, Andorra, Bulgaria,
    Ceuta, Croatia, Macedonia, Iceland, Jordan, Loma,
    Lomb, Lebanon, Melilla, Morocco, SPGA, San
    Marino, Tunisia, Turkey.
  • this tariff is reduced to 11.5 for Chile, 7.2
    for Mexico, 4 for Romania, 3.6 for SPGE and
    14.5 for SPGL

30
Tariffs - EU
  • EU tariffs are 12 for frozen shrimp other than
    Crangon crangon
  • this tariff is reduced to 0 for Algeria,
    Andorra, Bulgaria, Ceuta, Chile, Croatia,
    Macedonia, Iceland, Jordan, Loma, Lomb, Lebanon,
    Melilla, Mexico, Morocco, SPGA, San Marino,
    Tunisia, Turkey.
  • this tariff is reduced to 3 for Romania, 3.6
    for SPGE and 4.2 for SPGL

31
Tariffs - EU
  • EU tariffs are 20 for canned or other preserved
    shrimp
  • this tariff is reduced to 0 for Algeria,
    Andorra, Bulgaria, Ceuta, Croatia, Macedonia,
    Iceland, Jordan, Loma, Lomb, Lebanon, Melilla,
    Mexico, Morocco, SPGA, SPGE, San Marino, Tunisia,
    Turkey.
  • this tariff is reduced to 1.4 for Chile, 5 for
    Romania and 7 for SPGL (excl. Brazil)
  • this tariff is 0 for Norway for 8000 tonnes and
    Faroe Islands for 3000 tonnes.

32
Tariffs EU
  • Indonesia, Thailand, India, Malaysia, and
    Pakistan 14.5 for frozen Crangon crangon
    exports 4.8 for other frozen shrimp and 7 for
    canned shrimp
  • Bangladesh, PNG, Solomon Islands and Maldives 0
  • Sri Lanka 3.6 for frozen shrimp and 0 for
    canned shrimp

33
Tariffs - EU
  • New EU members had to increase duty to same level
    as EU since May 2004

34
Traceability - EU
  • Name of species
  • Way of production wild versus aquaculture
  • Ocean of origin in the case of marine capture -
    or country of origin in the case of aquaculture
    or inland capture

35
Other issues
  • Detention of shrimp with antibiotics in EU (at
    present finished, but might come back)
  • China (mainland and Taiwan)
  • Thailand
  • Indonesia
  • India
  • Philippines
  • Viet Nam
  • Bangladesh
  • and others more

36
Tariffs and Free Trade Agreements Japan
  • Tariffs in Japan are 1.8 for fresh, 4.8 for
    cooked shrimp, and 6 for frozen and canned
    shrimp
  • Japan To Eliminate Tariffs On Mexican Shrimp

37
Other issues
  • All shrimp imported into Japan must be labelled
    with details of its origin
  • Antibiotics research enforced

38
Conclusions for shrimp
  • Anti-dumping tariffs in the USA is the big issue
    at the moment
  • Antibiotics detention in the EU have smoothened
    recently, as producing countries have improved
    their control system
  • As for tuna, consumers will have the final say on
    quality and origin, including environmental
    concerns

39
Conclusions for shrimp
  • Tariffs have been reduced, and are relatively
    unimportant, especially in the USA and Japan
  • In the EU they are still high, and have not been
    reduced under the WTO. At the moment there is a
    partial suspension and reduction by about 66,
    but this could be revised upwards again in early
    2006.

40
Cephalopods
41
Tariffs - USA
  • Tariffs in the US market for cephalopods
  • 0 tariff for all frozen and canned products

42
Tariffs - EU
  • EU tariffs are 8 for fresh and frozen
    cuttlefish, with the only exception of frozen
    Sepiola rondeleti where the tariff is 6
  • EU tariffs are 6 for fresh and frozen Loligo
    squid, and 8 for other fresh and frozen squid
  • EU tariffs are 8 for fresh and frozen octopus
  • EU tariffs are 20 for canned cuttlefish and
    squid

43
Tariffs EU fresh and frozen cephalopods
  • Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand
    always at highest tariff foreseen
  • Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives 0

44
Tariffs EU canned cephalopods
  • Indonesia, India, Malaysia, and Pakistan 7
  • Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives 0
  • Thailand 20

45
Tariffs Japan
  • Reduction of tariffs for cephalopods
  • fresh and frozen squid and cuttlefish from 5 to
    3.5 under the GATT agreement
  • fresh and frozen octopus from 10 to 7 under the
    GATT agreement (other octopus from 15 to 10)
  • Canned cephalopods from 15 to 10 under the
    GATT agreement

46
Conclusions - cephalopods
  • Canned cephalopods have relatively high tariffs
    in the EU and Japan, while fresh and frozen
    cephalopods demand relatively lower tariffs.
  • Cephalopods are not a top item in trade
    discussions or dispute settlements in the WTO,
    being a relatively unimportant and quite closed
    sector.

47
Conclusions cephalopods (cont.)
  • It has also to be considered that the domestic
    cephalopod industry in the main consuming
    countries is declining, so that more products
    have to be imported, which will lead to a
    reduction of tariffs
  • cephalopods are not cultured, which excludes the
    whole discussion on anti-biotics and good
    aquaculture practices so important for other
    commodities

48
Groundfish
49
Tariffs - USA
  • Tariffs in the US market for groundfish
  • 0 tariff for all fresh and frozen groundfish
    products
  • Fish sticks and similar products of any size or
    shape, fillets or other portions of fish, if
    breaded, coated with batter or similarly
    prepared
  • Neither cooked nor in oil 10
  • other 7.5

50
Tariffs - EU
  • EU uses a reference price system for cod (euro
    1067/tonne) and a tariff of 3
  • 15 for fresh hake, but 0 for a quota of 20000
    tonnes of frozen hake
  • 7.5 for certain other groundfish and fillets
  • value added groundfish (Fillets, raw, merely
    coated with batter or breadcrumbs, whether or not
    prefried in oil, frozen) 7.5

51
Tariffs - EU
  • Pakistan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and
    Thailand have the highest tariff for whole and
    fillets of groundfish
  • Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives 0

52
Tariffs EU value added products
  • Indonesia, India, Malaysia, and Pakistan 4
  • Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives 0
  • Thailand 7.5

53
Tariffs Japan
  • Reduction of tariffs for groundfish
  • fresh and frozen whole groundfish from 5 to
    3.5 under the GATT agreement
  • for frozen fillets of cod and hake 10
  • for some products the tariff is zero for
    developing countries
  • value added groundfish 9.6

54
Conclusions - groundfish
  • There are many different tariffs for groundfish
    products, which reflect the need of the national
    processing industry to be protected or to source
    raw material for its processing industry
  • value added fillets (breaded, coated, etc.) have
    high tariffs, preventing imports of these
    products.
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