World Energy Transitions

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World Energy Transitions

• James Hayes-Bohanan, Ph.D.

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Considerations

• Kinds of energy
• Patterns of energy use
• Sources of energy
• The future of energy
• No magic bullets for sale here!

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Kinds of energy

• Perpetual
• Renewable
• Non-renewable
• Conservation

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Historic energy use in U.S.
Cutter and Renwick, 1999.
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Major commercial sources of energy

• Fossil Fuels
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear
• Hydroelectric

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Major Coal Reserves
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Major Oil Reserves
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Gulf Petroleum Exports
Energy Policy Considerations in the Aftermath of
September 11Philip K. Verleger,
Jr.http//www.ase.org/stars/pdf/pverleger.pdf
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Petroleum dependence

• Analysis from Forbes
• What is at stake in Saudi Arabiahttp//www.forbe
  s.com/forbes/2001/1112/064_print.html
• Ten-dollar gasoline?http//www.forbes.com/forbes
  /2001/10/2201022oilcosts_print.html
• Patterns of tradehttp//www.forbes.com/static_ht
  ml/oil/oil.shtml

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NuclearCycles
Note dfferences between current and
future pathways.
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U.S. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency
Energy Policy Considerations in the Aftermath of
September 11Philip K. Verleger, Jr.
http//www.ase.org/stars/pdf/pverleger.pdf
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U.S. Car/Truck Mix
Energy Policy Considerations in the Aftermath of
September 11Philip K. Verleger, Jr.
http//www.ase.org/stars/pdf/pverleger.pdf
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The future of energy

• Global
• National
• State and regional
• Institutional
• Individual

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Global scale

• Resource limitations
• Climate change
• Other environmental harm
• Geopolitics

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National scale - imported oil

• Slow rate of overall economic growth
• Increase taxes on imported oil
• Encourage conservation
• Promote domestic alternatives
• Region-specific incentives
• Strategic petroleum reserves

Energy Policy Considerations in the Aftermath of
September 11Philip K. Verleger, Jr.
http//www.ase.org/stars/pdf/pverleger.pdf
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National scale - longer term

• The previous list simply buys time while
  alternatives are found.
• According to Verleger, after 2015, the United
  States and other major consumers may have to
  admit that the resource base outside the Middle
  East is insufficient.
• Therefore, the policies focused on energy
  independence are not useful long-term
  Post-petroleum policies are needed.

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Post-petroleum technologies

• Wind
• Solar
• Tides
• Fuel Cells

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State and regional scale

• Electricity deregulation
• Price
• Air-quality
• Promoting alternatives
• Government as consumer
• Mass-transit and highway decisions

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Institutional scale

• Energy Bear!
• Information systems
• ROI Return on Investment

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Individual scale

• Motivation
• Consumption choices
• Geographic choices
• Technology choices ROI
• Reduce, reuse, recycle, repair

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Utility facts

• Under energy deregulation, consumers may have
  greater control over the energy choices made on
  their behalf

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Further information

• Environmental Geography web site at
  http//webhost.bridgew.edu/jhayesboh
• Energy education page (choose Energy from
  drop-down menu)
• Includes this presentation and citations