Physical Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica:

1
Physical Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania,
and Antarctica
A Region of Extremes
This wide and varied region includes the South
Pole icescape, volcanic Pacific islands,
Southeast Asian tropics, and Australian deserts.
Australias Simpson Desert.
NEXT
2
Physical Geography of Southeast Asia, Oceania,
and Antarctica
A Region of Extremes
Landforms and Resources
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
Climate and Vegetation
Human-Environment Interaction
SECTION 3
Unit Atlas Political
Unit Atlas Physical
NEXT
3
This region includes two peninsulas of Asia,
two continents, and more than 20,000 islands.
Its landforms include mountains, plateaus, and
major river systems.
NEXT
4
SECTION
Landforms and Resources
1
Southeast Asia Mainland and Islands
Peninsulas and Islands Mainland Southeast Asia
lies on two peninsulas - rectangular Indochines
e Peninsula is south of China - Malay Penins
ula is 700-mile strip south from
mainland Malay Peninsula bridges mainland a
nd island archipelagoes - archipelagoset of clo
sely grouped islands, often in a curved arc
- Malay Archipelago includes the Philippines,
Indonesian islands
Continued . . .
NEXT
5
SECTION
1
continued Southeast Asia Mainland and Islands
Mountains and Volcanoes Mainland mountain rang
es, like Annamese Cordillera, run north-south
- fan out from northern mountainous area
Island mountains are volcanic in origin, part
of Pacific Ring of Fire - volcanic eruptions, ea
rthquakes are common in region
Map
Continued . . .
NEXT
6
SECTION
1
continued Southeast Asia Mainland and Islands
Rivers and Coastlines Several large mainland r
ivers run south through mountain valleys
- spread out into fertile deltas near coast
Mekong River starts in China, ends in wide
delta on Vietnam coast - farming, fishing along
river support millions of people
Image
Resources Volcanic activity, flooding rivers c
reate nutrient-rich, fertile soil
Rivers, seas provide fish some areas have
petroleum, tin, gems
NEXT
7
SECTION
1
Lands of the Pacific and Antarctica
No Exact Number No one knows how many islands
there are in the Pacific - some estimate there a
re more than 20,000 - hard to count because isla
nds vanish and new ones appear As a group,
the Pacific Islands are called Oceania
- includes New Zealand, Australia (a continent,
not an island) - doesnt include Philippines, I
ndonesiaculturally Asian
Continued . . .
NEXT
8
SECTION
1
continued Lands of the Pacific and Antarctica
Oceanias Many Islands Some islands vanish due
to erosion, new ones are created
Volcanoes create high islands, coral reefs make
up low islands - most islands are small total l
and area is smaller than Alaska
In general, islands lack minerals but
- New Caledonia has nickel, chromium, iron
- New Guinea has copper, gold, oil
- Nauru has phosphate
Interactive
Continued . . .
NEXT
9
SECTION
1
continued Lands of the Pacific and Antarctica
Majestic New Zealand New Zealand has two main
islands, North Island and South Island
Southern Alps300-mile mountain range down
center of South Island - 16 peaks over 10,000 fe
et over 360 glaciers North Island has hilly r
anges, volcanic plateau - fertile farmland fore
sts for lumber natural harbors
Few mineral resources, but dams generate
electricity
Image
Continued . . .
NEXT
10
SECTION
1
continued Lands of the Pacific and Antarctica
Flat Australia Australia is earths smallest,
flattest continent Great Dividing Rangechain
of highlands parallel to east coast
West of range are plains and plateaus
Murray River is largest of continents few
rivers Little forestry, but rich in bauxite, d
iamonds, opals, lead, coal Great Barrier Reef
1,250-mile chain of 2,500 reefs, islands
Chart
Continued . . .
NEXT
11
SECTION
1
continued Lands of the Pacific and Antarctica
Icy Antarctica Fifth-largest continent is circ
ular in shape, centered on South Pole
Thick ice sheet covers landscapeworlds
largest fresh-water supply Transantarctic Moun
tains divide continent - East Antarctica is plat
eau surrounded by mountains, valleys
- West Antarctica is group of separate islands
linked by ice There could be coal, minerals
, petroleum under ice - in 1991, 26 nations agre
ed not to mine region for 50 years
Image
NEXT
12
Section 2
Climate and Vegetation
This regions climates range from tropical to
desert to polar icecap.
There is a great diversity of plant and animal
life, including some species found nowhere else
in the world.
NEXT
13
SECTION
Climate and Vegetation
2
Widespread Tropics
Year-Round Rains Tropical wet climate in coas
tal Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Oceania
- also in most of Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines High temperaturesannual average o
f 80 degrees in Southeast Asia
Parts of Southeast Asia get 100, even 200
inches of rain annually Some variationshigh e
levations in Indonesia have glaciers
Image
Continued . . .
NEXT
14
SECTION
21
continued Widespread Tropics
Wet and Dry Seasons Tropical wet and dry clima
te borders the wet climate - weather is shaped b
y monsoons - found in parts of Myanmar, Thailand
, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam Temperatures are
consistently hot, but rainfall varies
Monsoon areas often have disastrous weather
- typhoons can occur in region during the wet
season
Continued . . .
NEXT
15
SECTION
21
continued Widespread Tropics
Tropical Plants Southeast Asia has great veget
ation diversity - tropical evergreen forests nea
r equator - deciduous forests in wet and dry zon
e - teak is harvested commercially Oceania d
oesnt have diverse vegetation
- low islands have poor soil, little rain (few
plants) - high islands have rich volcanic soil,
rain (flowers, coconut palms)  
NEXT
16
SECTION
2
Bands of Moderate Climate
Hot Summers, Mild Winters Australia and New Ze
aland have generally mild climates
Mountain chain runs parallel to east coast of
Australia Strip between mountains and coast di
vides into two climate zones - northern part is
humid subtropicalhot summers, mild winters
- heavy rainfallgets 126 inches of rain
annually - also climate of northern Vietnam, Lao
s, Thailand, Myanmar  
Map
Continued . . .
NEXT
17
SECTION
21
continued Bands of Moderate Climate
Mild Summers, Cool Winters Marine west coast c
limate on Australian southeast coast, New
Zealand - ocean breezes warm the land in winter,
cool it in summer - New Zealands forests ar
e primarily evergreens, tree ferns
New Zealand gets rain all year regional
amounts vary dramatically - South Island mounta
ins bring rain down on western slopes
Australias Great Dividing Range keeps rain on
populous east coast
Image
NEXT
18
SECTION
2
Hot and Cold Deserts
Arid Australia One-third of Australia is dese
rt, located in the continents center
- under 10 inches of rain annually too dry for
agriculture Band of semiarid climate encircl
es desert - 20 inches of rain annually crops n
eed irrigation Dryness caused by tropical, sub
tropical heat that evaporates rain
Few live in dry inland region called the
outback
Image
Continued . . .
NEXT
19
SECTION
21
continued Hot and Cold Deserts
The White Desert Antarctica is earths coldest
, driest continent - icecap climate temperature
s can drop to 70 degrees Cold air doesnt
hold moisture well - has 1/10 the water vapor of
temperate zones Area receives little precipit
ation called a polar desert Plants are lichen
s, mosses animals are sea life, birds (penguins)
NEXT
20
Section 3
Human-Environment Interaction
Pacific Islanders developed technology that
enabled them to travel the Pacific Ocean.
This region has been damaged by nuclear testing
and the introduction of European animals.
 
NEXT
21
SECTION
Human-Environment Interaction
3
Traveling the Pacific
Navigation Charts Its believed Pacific Island
settlers came from Southeast Asia
- use land bridges, small rafts, canoes to
reach nearest islands Later venture furthe
r out, use stars and charts to navigate
- on charts, sticks show wave patterns, shells
show islands Islanders keep secrets of charts
until late 1800s - then begin using European nav
igation methods
Continued . . .
NEXT
22
SECTION
3
continued Traveling the Pacific
Special Canoes To sail ocean, islanders develo
p special voyaging canoes - double hulls stabil
ize canoe, allow it to carry lots of weight
- canoes use sails, sometimes have cabin on top
for shelter - carry plants to be grown at desti
nation Large voyaging canoes are awkward in is
land lagoons - use outrigger canoefloat attache
d on one side for balance
NEXT
23
SECTION
3
Invasion of the Rabbits
The Rabbit Problem European colonizers bring a
nimals to Australia, including rabbits
In 1859, Thomas Austin releases 24 rabbits into
Australia to hunt - one pair can have 184 descen
dents in 18 months - Australia has over one bill
ion rabbits by 1900 Rabbits strip sparse vegeta
tion, ruin sheep pastures, cause erosion
- resulting lack of food endangers native
animals
Continued . . .
NEXT
24
SECTION
3
continued Invasion of the Rabbits
Control Measures Efforts are made to control n
umber of rabbits - import foxes to prey on them,
but foxes also endanger native wildlife I
n 1950s, theyre intentionally infected with
myxomatosis 90 die - ranches then able to supp
ort twice as many sheep - rabbits become immune
to disease back to 300 million by 1990s T
oday a combination of poisons, diseases, fences
are used
NEXT
25
SECTION
3
Nuclear Testing
Tests in Bikini Atoll Nuclear arms race betwee
n U.S., USSR begins in the 1940s
- U.S. conducts 66 nuclear bomb tests on
Bikini, Enewetak atolls - atollringlike cora
l island, or islands, surrounding a lagoon
Marshall Islands Bikini Atoll is far from
shipping, air routes Bravo hydrogen bomb te
st vaporizes several islands - radiation contami
nation injures or sickens many islanders
Continued . . .
NEXT
26
SECTION
3
continued Nuclear Testing
Long-Term Effects Bikini Islanders moved to th
e island of Kili in 1948 - conditions there don
t allow them to fish or grow enough food
U.S. declares Bikini safe in late 1960s, some
islanders return - in 1978, doctors find danger
ous radiation levels in islanders
- islanders leave again Cleanup of Bikini Ato
ll begins in 1988 - still unknown when Bikini wi
ll be suitable for humans again
NEXT
27
This is the end of the chapter presentation of
lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.
NEXT
28

• Print Slide Show
• 1. On the File menu, select Print
• 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft
  PowerPointIf the dialog box does not include
  this pop-up, continue to step 4
  
• 3. In the Print what box, choose the
  presentation format you want to print slides,
  notes, handouts, or outline
  
• 4. Click the Print button to print the
  PowerPoint presentation
  
• Print Text Version
• 1. Click the Print Text button below a text
  file will open in Adobe Acrobat
  
• 2. On the File menu, select Print
• 3. Click the Print button to print the entire
  document, or select the pages you want to print

Print Text
Print Text
CONTINUE