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Bio-energy in Mauritius lessons learned
Sanju Deenapanray CDM National Project Coordinato
r, Mauritius
prakash.deenapanray_at_undp.org
Bio-carbon in Eastern Southern Africa, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia (24 April 2009)
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Overview

• CO2 emissions Electricity Sector in Mauritius
• Bagasse co-generation co-firing
• Potential for CDM in Africa

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Dependence on Fossil Fuel
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CO2 Emissions
Per capita CO2 emission 2.7 tonnes (2007)
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Sectoral CO2 Emissions (1995 - 2007)
Electricity Transport accounted for 83 of
total emissions in 2007
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Electricity Supply
Demand growing at 5-6 per annum
over the past decade
78 of electricity produced from fossil fuels
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Role of Independent Power Producers

• In 2007, IPPs generated around 66.5 of total
  thermal electricity in Mauritius (1461.5 GWh out
  of 2464.6 GWh)
  
• Internal consumption of IPPs was 234.8 GWh
• Exported 1226.7 GWh to the gird (i.e. 56 of all
  grid electricity) and CEB generated 972.3 GWh (or
  44)
  
• Thermal electricity is produced in 3 ways by
  IPPs
  
• 1. Bagasse only (continuous power)
• 2. Bagasse/Coal (firm power)
• 3. Coal only (firm power)

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Overview

• CO2 emissions Electricity Sector in Mauritius
• Bagasse co-generation co-firing
• Potential for CDM in Africa

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Cogeneration the concept
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Key Enabling Factors

• Economic fiscal incentives
• Power Purchase Agreements (attractive sale price
  of electricity for firm power)
  
• Research Development (technology transfer
  bio-engineering etc )
  
• Equity Participation (of small in cogeneration
  plants through the State Investment Trust up to
  25)

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Increase in Efficiency in Cogeneration
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Increase in Generation of Firm Power
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Reduction in CO2 Emissions

• Grid Emission Factor, EFgrid,2007 1.1773
  tCO2/MWh
  
• In 2007, a total of 346.8 GWh generated from
  bagasse (_at_ 242.5 kWh/TB)
  
• Avoided CO2 emissions 408,300 tonnes (2007)
• Considering an average efficiency 374.6 kWh/TB
  (_at_82 bars)
  
• Potential for avoided CO2 emissions 630,705
  tonnes
  

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How dirty is the grid?
EFgrid,CM,y EFgrid,OM,y X wOM EFgrid,BM,y X
wBM
Generation-weighted average CO2 emissions net of
electricity generated (excludes low-cost, must
run plants CDM projects)
Generation-weighted average CO2 emissions net of
electricity generated of either 5 most recently
built plants or 20 of last power generated
(whichever is larger)
wOM wBM 50 (1st crediting period)
For Mauritius (2007) EFgrid,OM,y 1.0886 tCO2 /
MWh EFgrid,BM,y 1.2659 tCO2 / MWh
EFgrid,CM,y 1.1773 tCO2 / MWh
?
VERY DIRTY GRID
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Overview

• CO2 emissions Electricity Sector in Mauritius
• Bagasse co-generation co-firing
• Potential for CDM in Africa

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Bagasse Cogeneration in Africa

• 10,000 GWh/yr (or 10 TWh/yr) in 2005 90 million
  tonnes of cane
  
• In 2005, total demand of electricity in Africa
  was 533 TWh
  
• Potential to generate 2 of electricity demand
  from bagasse
  
• Potential could be much larger considering
  availability of other renewable biomass in Africa
  (e.g. crop residues, woody biomass - quantity?)
  
• Biomass can also be used to provide only thermal
  energy (process steam and heat) for industrial
  processes

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Example - Mozambique

• 596,271 TB produced in 2007
• Assuming a conversion efficiency of 374.6 kWh/TB
• EFgrid,2005 0.045 MWh/tCO2

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Clean Development Mechanism

• Several bagasse (biomass) cogeneration projects
  have successfully generated CERs
  
• Approved baseline monitoring methodologies
  exist. For example

• ACM0006 Consolidated methodology for electricity
  generation from biomass residues Version 8
  
• Several Small-Scale methodologies in Categories
  I.A, I.C and I.D

 
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ACM0006 Consolidated methodology for
electricity generation from biomass residues
Version 8
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ACM0006 Consolidated methodology for
electricity generation from biomass residues
Version 8
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Additionality
Reductions in emissions must be additional to
any that would occur in the absence of the
project activity

• Most registered CDM projects (biomass
  cogeneration / thermal energy production) have
  employed Barrier Analysis to justify
  additionality. Some barriers are

• Investment barrier (high upfront CapEx)
• Technological barrier
• Barrier due to prevailing practice (cultural
  barrier)
  
• Institutional barrier (e.g. access to grid,
  feed-in tariff)
  
• Price risk of biomass residue
• Biomass collection and storage barriers

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End
Sanju Deenapanray CDM National Project Coordinato
r, UNDP prakash.deenapanray_at_undp.org Tel 230 2
08 2416
Fax [phone]