WESTERN CIVILIZATION II

1
WESTERN CIVILIZATION II

• The Age of Nation-States

2
The Crimean War

• Originally between Russia Ottomans
• Ottomans give Catholic France control of the Holy
  Lands instead of Orthodox Russia
• Russia vows to protect Christians in the Holy
  Lands - move to invade - Ottomans declare war
• Russia invades Moldavia and Walachia (Rumania) -
  Austria forces out

3
The Crimean War

• Britain France fear Russian aggression -
  declare war
• Both sides have naval interests in the Black Sea
• Both sides blunder - large casualties

4
The Crimean War

• First photographed war
• Prussia neutral - but gains from Austrian/Russian
  conflict
• Russia looses control of Black Sea
  in defeat
• Concert of Europe unable to keep the
  peace - next generation not committed to power
  balance - each nation seeks own goals

5
Italian Unification

• Sought unification since Congress of Vienna
• Romantic Republicans lead
  insurrections -
• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Wanted path of self-determination away from
  Austria

6
Plans for Italian Unification

• Plan 1 - unite behind Pope (1848/9) - Austria
  and France defeat the Roman Republic
• Plan 2 - unite behind only independent state,
  Piedmont (Sardinia) - made independent by
  Congress of Europe as a buffer between France and
  Austria
• Piedmont Prime Minister aids France in Crimean
  War with 10,000 troops - thrusts Piedmont onto
  world stage

7
Camillo Cavour

• Cavour Napoleon III scheme to provoke war to
  drive Austria out of Italy
• France gets provinces of Nice Savoy for help
• Piedmont/France drives Austria - Napoleon III
  fears Piedmont - signs own treaty with Austria

8
The New Italian State

• Garibaldi unites southern Italy - Sicily and
  Naples
• Northern Italy united with Piedmont
• Garibaldi accepts total unification
• Venetia and Rome added by 1870

9
Italy

• Gain Venetia in deal with Prussians in war with
  Austria
• Gain area around Rome after French lose
  Franco-Prussian War - city of Rome remains
  hostile
• Form of government monarchy - Victor Emmanuel
  from Piedmont
• Franchise limited - corruption abounds

10
German Unification

• Unification attempted by liberals since 1815
• Prussia becomes dominant in German affairs
• Prussian King Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von
  Bismarck embrace Small German policy

11
Otto von Bismarck

• Prussian nobleman
• Liberal turned conservative
• Pro-industrial
• Pro-military
• Anti-Parliament - seeks to unite Germans without
  legislature

12
Bringing Germany Together

• Beats Danes who try to take Holstein and
  Schleswig out of German Confederation
• Beats Austrians
  in 7 weeks to
  gain dominance
  over
  German
  speaking people

13
The North German Confederation

• Bismarck annexes Hesse, Nassau, Hanover
  (formerly supported Austria) in new group
• King of Prussia as leader
• Bicameral legislature with no real power
• Bismarck steals thunder of some liberals who
  wanted unification
• Bismarck seeks a war to bring southern German
  states into the Confederation

14
The Franco-Prussian War

• Queen Isabella of Spain deposed
• Spanish pick a Hohenzollern, Leopold (cousin to
  Wilhelm)
• France objects, asks Wilhelm for support
• Bismarck revises The Ems Telegram to look like
  Wilhelm insulted France
• France declares war on the Northern Confederation

15
The Franco-Prussian War

• Southern German states side with Bismarck
• Germans capture Napoleon III
• Defeat French in 9 months - forced to give up
  provinces of Alsace and Lorraine
• German Empire proclaimed - most important event
  in Europe in the 19th century
• Italy and Germany become new rivals to France and
  Austria

16
France Liberal Empire

• The Third Republic proclaimed after Napoleon
  IIIs capture - France sues for peace
• Paris Commune attempts to rule Paris
  independently of France
• National Assembly kills
  over 20,000 to restore order
• Government looks for a king
  to rule - Chambord refuses because
  of use of revolutionary flag

17
France The Third Republic

• Chamber of Deputies elected by universal male
  suffrage
• Senate chosen indirectly - president selected
  from group
• Government proves to be surprisingly efficient
  against corruption and ineptitude
• Lasts until Germans march into Paris again in
  World War II

18
The Dreyfus Affair

• Divided French society on the fairness of
  government
• Captain Alfred Dreyfus convicted of espionage to
  Germany during Franco-Prussian War, convicted

19
The Dreyfus Affair

• Accusations against the government
• Corruption - cover-up for mistakes -
  Anti-Semitism
• Government refuses new trial even with evidence
  of forgery
• Writer Emil Zola reports on case - stirs public
• New trial again convicts - President pardons
• France remains politically divided

20
The Habsburg Empire

• Excepting Russia, the least liberal of European
  governments
• Franz Joseph comes to power in 1848 - rules in
  absolutist style
• Problem of holding ethnically diverse population
  together - Magyars, Slavs, Italians
• Loss of Italy suggested inefficient chain of
  command - Franz Joseph reorganizes twice - both
  rejected by Magyars

21
The Compromise of 1867

• Franz Joseph creates two nations
  ruled by him - The Dual Monarchy -
  Austria Hungary (Magyar)
• Separate Parliaments created
• Czechs want same deal - trialism -
  Franz Joseph agrees but Magyars
  oppose - did not want to give
  autonomy to its subject groups of Romanians
  and Croatians - continued unrest

22
The Dual Monarchy

• Czech leaders appeased with jobs
• Demonstrations in Reichsrat for Czech nationalism
  until WWI
• Franz Joseph gives right of language in ethnic
  areas, introduces universal male suffrage in
  Austria

23
Russian Reform

• Nicolas I dies during Crimean War - Alexander II
  institutes reforms including abolition of serfdom
  (U.S. and Brazil remain)
• Former serfs given rights but no land - forced to
  buy from landowners over 49 year period -
  interest paid to the government

24
Russian Reform

• Many fail to pay - debt not forgiven until 1906
• Without landlords to control serf, new system of
  government needed - Village communes Zemstovs
  organized to adjudicate local matters
• Military reformed to fill ranks after abolition
  of serfdom - terms of service shortened - rules
  relaxed

25
Russian Repression

• Alexander II squelches revolt by the Polish
  nobility, emancipates their serfs, forces Russian
  language on Poles
• Alexander becomes more repressive after
  assassination attempt in 1866 - creates police
  state
• Radical opposition begins to mount - exiled
  Alexander Herzen leads effort

26
Revolutionaries in Russia

• Social revolution preached in radical societies
  like Land and Freedom
• Young revolutionaries go to peasants to educate
  them - peasants turn revolutionaries over to the
  police
• Courts give light sentences in hope of support

27
Assassination of Alexander II

• Attacks against government continue until
  Alexander II is killed
• Son Alexander III rules with an iron fist

28
Britain Toward Democracy

• Continues to refine liberal form of government -
  symbol of the confident liberal state
• Address issues of
  expanding suffrage,
  secret ballot,
  education,
  care for the poor
• Parliament passes the Second Reform Act of 1867 -
  increases electorate by 1,000,000

29
British Prime Ministers

• Benjamin Disraeli - conservative - hoped expanded
  middle class would favor conservatism
• William Gladstone - liberal - backs governments
  assumption of responsibility for education

30
Disraeli and Gladstone

• Both seek reform
• Take turns as Prime
  Minister
• Gladstone gives support
  to Irish home rule,
  splitting Liberal Party
• Irish hold balance of
  power in Parliament -
  Home rule passes on the third
  attempt

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WESTERN CIVILIZATION II

• The Age of Nation-States