secularization

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SECULARIZATTION CONTROVERSY
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Secularization

• a process by which the society is slowly
  transforming from that having close
  identification with the religious institution to
  a more separated relationship.
• was considered to be the dawn of Philippine
  Nationalism, particularly after the execution of
  Gomburza.

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Secularism

• began in 1861 when the parishes of Mindanao
  originally managed by the Recollect friars were
  handed to the Jesuits.
• The Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines in
  1768 because of the conflict they had between the
  European leaders. However, they returned to the
  country in 1861 and regain power over the
  Mindanao parishes from the Recollects who took
  over during their absence.
• The Recollects were bestowed the parishes of
  Manila and Caviteby the colonial government to
  appeased their loss.
• The original administrators of the parishes, the
  Filipino secular priests, naturally protested.

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The Seculars

• those who were not bound by monastic vows or
  rules.
• discriminated by the Dominicans, Jesuits,
  Franciscans and Recollects
• The Filipino priests then were assigned as
  assistants to Spanish friars.

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The Gomburza

• headed the secularization movement.
• an acronym for Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
  Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, three
  Filipino priests who were executed on February17,
  1872 by Spanish colonial authorities on
  trumped-up charges of subversion arising from the
  1872 Cavite mutiny.
• advocated the right of the Filipino secular
  clergy over the assignment of parishes rather
  than giving them to the newly arrived Spanish
  friars in the country.

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The Gomburza

• The uprising by workers in the Cavite Naval Yard
  was the pretext needed by the authorities to
  redress a perceived humiliation from the
  principal objective, Father Jose Burgos, a rising
  star who, by dint of intellectual gifts and
  scholastic achievement, threatened the
  established order.
• Father Burgos was Spanish Mestizo, a Doctor of
  Philosophy whose prominence extended even in
  Spain, such that when the new Governor and
  Captain-General Carlos Maria de la Torre arrived
  from Spain to assume his duties, he invited
  Father Burgos to sit beside him in his carriage
  during the inaugural procession, a place
  traditionally reserved for the Archbishop and
  who, as expected, was a Peninsular Spaniard.

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The Gomburza

• The arrival of the liberal governor de la Torre
  was not welcomed by the ruling minority of
  friars, regular priests who belonged to an order
  (Dominicans, Augustinians, Recollects,
  Franciscans) and their minions in civil
  government, but mistakenly embraced by the
  secular priests, majority of these Mestizos and
  natives or Indios assigned to parishes and
  far-flung communities, who believed the reforms
  and the equality they sought with Peninsular
  Spaniards were at hand.
• In less than two years de la Torre was replaced
  by Governor-General Izquierdo who turned out to
  be a pliant tool of the friars.

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The Gomburza

• The so-called Cavite Mutiny of workers in the
  arsenal in the naval shipyard over pay reduction
  owing to increased taxation produced a willing
  witness to implicate the three priests, who were
  summarily tried and sentenced to death by
  'garrote.
• Father Gómez, the oldest, went to his death
  heroically.
• Father Zamora, the youngest, guileless and
  totally befuddled, died with a whimper.
• Father Burgos, hoping for a reprieve which never
  came and scanning the distance till the very last
  moment, met his death soaked in his own tears.

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The Gomburza

• Their unjust execution enraged and left a
  profound and bitter effect on many Filipinos,
  especially Joe Rizal, the national hero, who,
  himself, was to suffer a mock trial leading to
  his execution.
• Significantly, in the archives of Spain, there is
  no record of how Izquierdo, himself a liberal,
  could have been influenced to authorize these
  executions.

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The Gomburza Aftermath

• The aftermath of the witch hunt produced scores
  of suspects most of whom were exiled to Guam in
  the Marianas, who, except a few who managed to
  escape to other ports like Hong Kong, died there
  in neediness.
• It was a period when a pall of hopelessness
  enveloped the country, steeling the resolve and
  patriotism of a sentient minority, giving rise to
  a new generation of heroes of whom the Rizal
  family was to become the standard bearer.