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Session 2 The ICPD Programme of
Action and the Millennium Development Goals

• The Frameworks for Population and Development
  Action in the Pacific and Around the World

Geoff Hayes CST PDS Adviser
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• Contents
• Overview of ICPD 94 Programme of Action POA
• Overview of the Millennium Development Goals
• Key Features of the ICPD POA
• FAQs on ICPD POA
• Key Features of MDGs
• Reviews of ICPD (1999 and 2004)
• Population and development in the Pacific
• The Status of ICPD Goals in the Pacific

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What is the ICPD 1994 Programme of Action? (POA)

• A 20-year Plan adopted by 179 Countries at the
  International Conference on Population and
  Development in Cairo, Egypt to address population
  issues

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What are the Millenium Development Goals?

• A set of eight priority development goals agreed
  to at the Millennium Summit in September 2000 by
  189 countries and 147 Heads of State

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Origins of ICPD Goals and MDGs Global
Development Conferences the 1990s

• World Conference on Education for All
• World Summit for Children
• UN Conference on LDCs
• UN Conference on Environment and Development
• International Conference on Nutrition
• World Conference on Human Rights
• Global Conference on the sustainable Development
  of Small Island Developing Countries

• World Summit for Social Development
• World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction
• International Conference on Population and
  Development (1994)
• Fourth World Conference on Women
• World Food Summit
• UN Conference on Trade and Development
• World Summit on Sustainable Development

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Key features of the 1994 ICPD Plan of Action

• An international consensus was reached on three
  quantifiable goals to be achieved over 20 years
• The reduction of infant, child and maternal
  mortality
• Universal access to education, particularly for
  girls
• Universal access to a full range of reproductive
  health care and family planning services

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Key features of the 1994 ICPD Plan of Action

• Based on principles of human and reproductive
  rights, the key one being
• All couples and individuals have the basic
  right to decide freely and responsibly the
  number, spacing and timing of their children and
  have the information and means to do so, and the
  right to obtain the highest standard of sexual
  and reproductive health

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OTHER GOALS OF THE 1994 ICPD PROGRAMME OF ACTION
(POA)

• Full integration of family planning and RH
  services
• Universal access to a full range of family
  planning methods through Primary Health Care
  systems...
• All deliveries to be attended by trained health
  personnel
• Primary Health Care (including RH) to be
  universally available
• Reduced maternal mortality
• Reduced infant and child mortality
• Increased life expectancy
• Universal access to primary education and closure
  of the gender gap in education
• Universal literacy

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Frequently asked questions about the ICPD 94 POA

• (1) Does ICPD support population control?
• Answer No, ICPD does not support government
  imposition of family size limits. Family size is
  a choice exercised by couples and individuals.
• (2) Does ICPD support abortion?
• Answer No, abortion is not supported by ICPD as
  a form of family planning and ICPD does not
  support the legalization of abortion on demand.
• (3) Does ICPD encourage governments to reduce the
  rate of population growth in their country?
• Answer ICPD encourages slower population growth
  but only in consistency with human and
  reproductive rights.

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Frequently asked questions about the ICPD 94
POA.(continued)

• (4) Did Pacific countries attend the ICPD and did
  they agree with the POA?
• Answer Yes, Most Pacific countries attended,
  actively participated, and supported the
  consensus achieved. No Pacific country expressed
  a reservation and all have consistently supported
  ICPD principles.
• (5) Is ICPD binding on states?
• Answer No, ICPD is not international law. It
  recommends, not commands. Each country is free to
  implement ICPD in accordance with national laws
  and its social and cultural systems.

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What are the Millennium Development Goals?

• (1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• (2) Achieve Universal Primary Education
• (3) Promote gender equality and empower women
• (4) Reduce child mortality
• (5) Improve maternal health
• (6) Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
• (7) Ensure environmental sustainability
• (8) Develop a global partnership for development

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Key Features of MDGs

• Each goal has a target for achievement by 2015
  (18 in all)
• Baseline for target is 1990
• Each target has an indicator (48 indicators in
  total)
• While goals are common to all countries, targets
  should be adapted to each country

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Example Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and
hunger

• Target 2 Halve the proportion of people who
  suffer from hunger.
• Indicators
• - Prevalence of underweight children under 5yrs
  of age
• - Proportion of the population below minimum
  level of dietary energy consumption

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Why are MDGs Important?

• Internationally agreed upon framework for
  development
• All major donor countries support them
• IMF/World Bank committed to them
• Provide a common framework for development
  cooperation/partnerships
• Provide a focus for national development
  planning setting targets and monitoring
  progress
• Provide a basis for leveraging resources

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Reviews of ICPD 94

• 1999 Review after 5 years (ICPD5 )
• Affirmed the 1994 Programme of Action as still
  valid
• Many countries had implemented the
  recommendations and progress was evident
• Revised and updated the Goal targets and dates
  (e.g. By 2015, 60 of all births should be
  attended by skilled personnel)
• Regression in some areas Mortality rising in
  countries affected by HIV/AIDS malaria and other
  parasitic diseases still causing high death rates
  
• Noted the shortfall of funds to implement the POA

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Reviews of ICPD.

• 2004 review after 10 years (ICPD10)
• Significant progress in the implemetation of
  ICPD at the national level, e.g.
• Incorporation of population into social and
  economic policies and strategies (79 of
  countries took action to do this)
• Integration of reproductive health into primary
  health care (90 of countries)
• Steps to address the reproductive rights and
  health of adolescents (92 of reporting
  countries)
• Steps to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality
  have been taken in 92 of countries
• 74 of countries have developed national
  strategies to address HIV/AIDS

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Reviews of ICPD

• Conclusions of review after 10 years (ICPD10)
• Increased awareness and ownership of ICPD agenda
• ICPD is being implemented in a pragmatic way in
  most countries focusing first on priority areas
• Reproductive health and rights are being accepted
  as national priorities in many countries
• Safe motherhood receiving more priority with
  emphasis on skilled attendants and emergency care
• Many countries are adopting policies and
  legislation to address population and
  reproductive health issues

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Population and Development in the Pacific
in Relation to ICPD Goals

• Where do we stand in 2004, 10 years after ICPD
  1994?

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Population data for the Pacific (1)

• Population Projected Annual Rate of Net Total
• 2004 Population Growth Natural Migration Fertil
  ity
• 2015 Rate () Increase Rate Rate
• Region
• Melanesia 7,444,100 9,298,000 2.2 2.2
  0.0 4.3
• Micronesia 536,100 655,100 1.5
  2.2 -0.7 3.5
• Polynesia 645,700 723,000 1.1
  2.1 -1.0 3.5
• Total 8,615,900 10,676,100 2.1
  2.2 -0.1 4.2
• Source SPC and UNFPA

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Population data for the Pacific (2)

• Infant Teenage Life Expectancy Population
• Mortality Fertility At Birth (Years) Density
• Rate Rate (person per Sq Km)
• (per 1000) (per 1000) Male Female
• Region
• Melanesia 56.5 68 56.2 57.9 14
• Micronesia 24.8 64 68.5 73.2 167
• Polynesia 13.5 47 69.6 73.5
  79
• Total 51.3 66 58.0 60.0 16
• Source SPC and UNFPA

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(No Transcript)
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STATUS OF ICPD TARGETS IN THE PACIFIC.

• Infant Mortality
• Target for 2000 Infant mortality rate of 50 per
  1,000 live births
• All countries in the Pacific have achieved this
  target with the exception of PNG (64) and Solomon
  Islands (66).
• Life Expectancy
• Target for 2005 average life expectancy of 70
  years
• Most Polynesian countries have achieved this
  target already except for Tuvalu (64 yrs) and
  Wallis and Futuna (59 yrs). Likely to be achieved
  in Micronesia except for Nauru (55yrs). In
  Melanesia, Solomon Islands (61 yrs) and PNG (54
  yrs) are unlikely to achieve this target.

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STATUS OF ICPD TARGETS IN THE PACIFIC.

• Births Assisted by Skilled Attendants
• Target for 2000 60
• The percent of births attended by skilled
  personnel ranges from 53 in PNG to 100 in most
  Polynesian countries. Reported rate for Kiribati
  is 78, the lowest outside PNG, but still well
  above the Target.
• Maternal Mortality Ratio
• ICPD Target for 2005 Below 100 deaths per
  100,000 live births
• Reliable data are lacking for many countries,
  but PNG is recorded at 370 per 100,000, Solomon
  Islands at 135, Marshall Islands at 74 and
  Kiribati at 53. Most countries are below the ICPD
  target for 2005.

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STATUS OF ICPD TARGETS IN THE PACIFIC.

• Contraceptive Prevalence Rate
• Target for 2005 55
• Data on contraceptive use are scarce and
  unreliable in the Pacific. A possible range is
  from 15 in Solomon Islands to 56 in FSM. Only
  FSM has reached the ICPD target.
• Prevention of HIV Infection
• ICPD5 Target for 2005 90 of young men and
  women aged 15-24 to have access to information,
  education and servicesto reduce their
  vulnerability to HIV infection.
• This target is unlikely to be met in the
  Pacific. Present level of access is well below
  50. ARH services need to be expanded.

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Thank you!