Chaim Kaufmann

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Chaim Kaufmann
Presented by Senem Evrim Özer IR 720 12/3/01

• Possible Impossible Solutions to Peace

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Chaim Kaufmann Summary

• Solutions Do Not Depend on Causes
• How Ethnic Wars End
• Genocide, temporary suppression by 3rd party,
  self-governance of separate communities
• Ethnic Wars vs. Ideological Wars
• Ethnic identities, loyalties, decisiveness of
  territory
• Principles of Intervention
• Aim at physical separation
• Economic sanctions, military aid, military
  intervention

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John Mueller Summary

• Hobbesian Depiction is Incorrect
• Four Stages of War
• Takeover
• Carnival
• Revenge
• Occupation desertion
• Three Conclusions
• Ethnicity as an ordering device
• International police force could have solved the
  issue
• It can happen anywhere and isnt inevitable.

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David Makovsky Summary

• Oslo Peace Process Dead
• PartitionCooperation
• Arafats Lack of Leadership
• PA and Hamas
• Poor Economic Situation under PA
• Israels Continued Resettlement
• Bypass Roads and Settlements Undermined Process
  Integrity
• Disengagement is Necessary
• Unilateral Action Acceptable
• Palestine Declaration of Statehood End to
  Israeli Occupation
• Israel Withdrawal of Troops End to Terrorism

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Supported and Opposing Theoriesand Supporting
Data
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• Kaufmann says yes
• Regardless of the causes of a particular
  conflict, once communities are mobilized for
  violence, the reality of mutual security threats
  prevents both demobilization and de-escalation of
  hyper nationalist discourselasting peace
  requires removal of the security dilemma. The
  most effective and in many cases the only way to
  do this is to separate the ethnic groups.
• Intl Sec. 20, 4 Pg. 159

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• Mueller says no
• The crucial dynamic of the wars, however, was
  not in the rising of neighbor against neighbor,
  but in the marauding of comparatively small
  groups Policeneed simply to protect the many
  from the few, rather than everyone from everyone.
  Thus it seems likely that a large, impressively
  armed and well-disciplined international policing
  force could have been effective in pacifying the
  thug-dominated conflicts in Yugoslavia and
  Rwanda.
• International Security 25, 1 Pg. 63-65

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• Makovsky says yes
• There is no common ground between them. Their
  national aspirations are incompatible. The Arabs
  desire to revive the traditions of the Arab
  golden age. The Jews desire to show what they can
  achieve when restored to the land in which the
  Jewish nation was born. Neither of the two
  national ideals permits of combination in the
  service of a single State. ... But while neither
  ... can fairly rule all of Palestine, each ...
  might justly rule part of it.
• Foreign Affairs 80, 2 Pg. 45

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• Kaufmann says no
• It is not clear that it is in anyones power to
  resolve ethnic hatreds once there has been
  large-scale violence, especially murders of
  civilians. Ethnic hostility cannot be reduced
  without separation. As long as either side fears,
  even intermittently, that it will be attacked by
  the other, past atrocities and old hatreds can
  easily be aroused.
• International Sec. 20, 4 Pg. 173

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• Mueller says yes
• The violent conflicts in Croatia and
  Bosniawere spawned not so much by the convulsive
  surging of ancient hatreds or by frenzies whipped
  up by demagogic politicians and the media as by
  the ministrations of small-sometimes very
  small-bands of opportunistic marauders recruited
  by political leaders and operating under their
  general guidance.
• International Security 25, 1 Pg. 42

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• Makovsky says no
• Outsiders often assume that the main source of
  conflict between the Israelis and the
  Palestinians is how to deal with the West Bank
  and Gaza. In fact, the conflict runs far deeper.
  Palestinians and Israelis have radically
  different historical narratives. These predate
  the occupation that began in 1967 they go to
  each side's self-conception as a historical
  victim, and they have engendered much mutual
  hatred.
• Foreign Affairs 80, 2 Pg. 30

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• Kaufmann says yes
• Ethnic identities are fixed by birth. While not
  everyone may be mobilized as an active fighter
  for his or her own group, hardly anyone ever
  fights for the opposing ethnic group extremist
  within each community are likely to impose
  sanctions on those who do not contribute to the
  cause. Conciliation is easy to denounce as
  dangerous to group security or as actually
  traitorous.
• International Sec. 20, 4 Pg. 140-142

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• Mueller says no
• The casual notion that each ethnic or national
  group in Yugoslavia (or indeed anywhere) is
  united by deep bonds of affection is
  substantially flawed. Serbs in Serbia have
  expressed little affection for the desperate and
  often rough rural Serbs who have fled to their
  country from war-torn Croatia and Bosnia.
• International Security 25, 1 Pg. 47

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• Makovsky says yes
• When asked whether they would recognize Israeli
  sovereignty over West Jerusalem if Palestinians
  gained sovereignty over East Jerusalem, an
  overwhelming 74 percent of Palestinians said no.
  Furthermore, 60 percent said they did not think
  there was a chance for peaceful coexistence
  between Palestinians and Israel. Another
  Palestinian poll released in December found that
  a full two-thirds of Palestinians supported
  "suicide operations" against Israel.
• Foreign Affairs 80, 2 Pg. 34

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