Organization and Regulation of Body Systems

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Chapter 4

• Organization and Regulation of Body Systems

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Levels of Biological Organization

• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems
• Organisms
• (Populations)
• (Communities)
• (Ecosystems)
• (Biomes)

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Outline

• Tissue Types
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Body Cavities
• Body Membranes
• Organ Systems
• Integumentary System
• Homeostasis

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Tissues

• similarly specialized cells that perform a common
  function.
• Four Major Tissue Types
• Epithelial.
• Connective.
• Muscular.
• Nervous.

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Epithelial Tissue

• tightly packed cells forming a continuous layer
• function in protection, secretion, absorption,
  excretion, and filtration.
• Named according to shape of cell.
• Squamous - Flattened.
• Cuboidal - Cubed.
• Columnar - Column.

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

• flattened (squamous) cells
• lines air sacs of lungs, lining of circulatory
  system, filtration membranes of kidneys, serous
  membranes
• functions in protection, diffusion, filtration

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

• cuboidal cells
• lines kidney tubules, various ducts, surface of
  ovaries
• functions in protection, secretion, absorption

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

• columnar (rectangular) shaped cells
• lining of GI tract, uterus and uterine tubes
• functions in protection, secretion, absorption
• microvilli (when present) increase surface area
  for absorption
• may be ciliated

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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

• a single layer of columnar cells, but appears to
  be layered
• has cilia
• lines respiratory tract
• functions in protection, secretion
• movement of mucus secreted by goblet cells to
  protect lungs from dirt and microbes

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Epithelial Tissue
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Stratified Epithelium

• more than one layer of epithelial cells
• ex stratified squamous
• mouth, esophagus, uterus, skin, anus

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Other Stratified Epithelia

• stratified cuboidal
• sweat glands
• stratified columnar (rare)
• portions of male urethra

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Cell Junctions

• some connect cells together
• some allow cytoplasmic communication
• all types may occur in same cell
• Important in epithelial tissue, but also
  important in muscle and some other tissues

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Tight Junctions

• an impermeable barrier, cells zipped together
  with plasma membrane proteins

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Gap Junctions

• cytoplasmic connections formed by joined plasma
  membrane channels

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Adhesion Junctions (Desmosomes)

• connects cells with clumps of protein filaments
  (like spot welds)

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Functions of Connective Tissue

• Connects cells, tissues, and organs
• Support and protects
• produces red blood cells (bone marrow)

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Attributes of Connective Tissue

• widely separated cells surrounded by abundant
  extracellular matrix
• ground substance (solid, semisolid, or liquid)
• protein fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular)

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Fibers of Connective Tissue

• Collagen very strong and flexible
• Reticular fibers thin, highly branched collagen
  provides support network
• Elastic fibers stretchable

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Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue

• abundant ground substance, relatively sparse
  fibers
• found in skin, body membranes
• functions to support and bind organs together

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Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

• tightly-packed collagen fibers
• Dense Regular
• main substance of tendons and ligaments
• Dense Irregular
• main substance of dermis

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Adipose Tissue

• cells filled with fat
• found beneath skin, surrounding organs
• insulates and protects stores energy

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Reticular Connective Tissue

• Supporting meshwork of lymphatic system and
  various solid organs
• very fine fibers provide an intricate supporting
  framework (reticulum) upon which cells of these
  organs anchor

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Connective Tissue-- Cartilage

• Cells lie in lacunae separated by solid, flexible
  matrix.
• Hyaline cartilage.
• Elastic cartilage.
• Fibrocartilage.

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Hyaline Cartilage

• parts of the skeleton (nose, joints) and
  respiratory tract (trachea, etc..)

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Bone

• Most rigid connective tissue
• matrix of inorganic calcium salts
• fibers of collagen
• Two types
• Compact bone
• Spongy bone
• Bone functions in support, protection, blood cell
  formation, energy storage

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Compact Bone

• Structural unit is the Osteon
• osteocytes live in concentric rings of lacunae
  distributed between concentric rings of bone
  matrix surrounding a central canal
• canaliculi are little tunnels in the matrix
  connecting osteocytes

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Connective Tissue
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Blood

• Matrix is blood plasma (not made by blood cells)
• Transports nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
• maintains internal environment (tissue fluid)
• fluid volume, water, electrolyte, and pH balance
• Redistributes heat

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Composition of Blood

• Plasma
• water with organic and inorganic solutes,
  suspensions
• Formed Elements
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets

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Formed elements of Blood

• RBCs
• small, biconcave disks, full of hemoglobin to
  transport O2 (also some CO2)
• WBCs
• body defense, some are phagocytic, others produce
  antibodie
• Platelets
• cause blood clotting

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Muscular Tissue

• Muscle Cells ( Muscle Fibers) can contract
• Contain actin and myosin filaments
• Three types of muscle fibers
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle

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Skeletal Muscle

• striated
• long cylindrical fibers
• multinucleate
• voluntary
• functions in body movement and posture, heat
  production (shivering)

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Smooth Muscle

• not striated
• spindle-shaped fibers
• uninucleate
• involuntary
• functions in moving substances through body organs

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Cardiac Muscle

• striated
• uninucleate
• branched cells
• involuntary
• intercalated disks
• desmosomes
• gap junctions
• pump blood

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Nervous Tissue

• functions in homeostasis via
• Sensory input
• Data integration
• Motor output
• consists of two basic cell types
• neurons
• neuroglia
• Neuron (nerve cell) composed of three parts.
• Dendrites.
• Cell body.
• Axon.
• Neuroglia service and support neurons.

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Neurons

• Composed of
• Cell body integrates signals from dendrites
• Processes
• Dendrites conducts signals to cell body
• Axon conducts signals away from cell body

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Neuroglia

• service and support neurons
• brain glial cells
• microglia phagocytic
• astrocytes provide nutrients, blood brain
  barrier
• oligodendroctyes myelination

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Body Cavities
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Body Membranes

• Line Body cavities and all other internal spaces
• protect and support organs
• provide barriers to invasion
• two basic types
• epithelial membranes epithelial tissue
  connective tissue
• connective tissue membranes

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Epithelial Membranes

• Mucous membranes
• Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and
  reproductive systems.
• Serous membranes
• Line thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Cutaneous membranes
• skin
• Organ combination of two or more tissues
  performing a common function

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Connective Tissue Membranes

• Synovial membranes.
• Line freely movable joint cavities.
• Meninges.
• Found in dorsal cavity protecting brain and
  spinal cord.

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Maintenance Organ Systems

• Digestive receives and digests food
• Cardiovascular transports nutrients and oxygen
• Lymphatic system collects and returns excess
  tissue fluid
• Respiratory system brings oxygen in and takes
  carbon dioxide out
• Urinary system rids body of nitrogenous wastes

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Support and Movement Organ Systems

• Skeletal supports and Protects body parts
• allows body movements
• Muscular moves body parts (in concert with
  skeleton)

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Coordination and Regulation Organ Systems

• Nervous conducts nerve impulses
• Endocrine serves as messaging system maintaining
  homeostasis

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Reproductive system

• provides ability to reproduce ourselves
• do not like expression Continuance of the
  Species

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Integumentary System

• The skin and its accessory organs
• Helps maintain homeostasis
• Water Loss
• Temperature
• Synthesizes certain chemicals
• Vitamin D
• (Lots of sensory input to Brain)

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Regions of Skin

• Epidermis
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Dermis
• Dense Irregular Connective Tissue with some Loose
  Connective Tissue
• Collagen and elastic fibers
• Lies beneath epidermis
• Subcutaneous layer lies below the dermis and is
  composed of loose connective tissue and adipose
  tissue

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Epidermis

• keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• keratin a waterproof protein that armors the
  epidermis

epidermis
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Dermis

• highly vascularized
• lots of glands (derived from epidermis)
• many sensory endings

dermis
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Subcutaneous (Hypodermis)

• abundant insulating adipose tissue
• some epidermal derivatives and sensory endings

subcutaneous
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Accessory Organs of the Skin

• derived from epidermis, includes
• Nails
• Hair Follicles
• Oil Glands
• Sweat Glands

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Human Skin Anatomy
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Skin Cancer
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Homeostasis

• the relative constancy of the bodys internal
  environment (staying the same)

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Internal EnvironmentTissue Fluid
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Homeostatic Feedback Diagrams

• Activated by deviation from set point

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Negative Feedback

• Regulated condition Fluctuates around a set
  point
• Divergence from set point causes reversal of the
  change.

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Generalized Feedback Diagram
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Negative Feedback Regulation of Blood Pressure
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Positive feedback

• brings about greater change in same direction
• examples
• labor contractions
• blood clotting
• circulatory shock

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Review

• Tissue Types
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Body Cavities
• Body Membranes
• Organ Systems
• Integumentary System
• Homeostasis

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