FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

1 / 105
About This Presentation
Title:

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

Description:

Title: ACCOUNTING IS THE LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS Author: BAL Last modified by: Acer Created Date: 5/14/2005 7:27:45 AM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:10
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 106
Provided by: Bal1161

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING


1
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
  • Prof. Ranjan Kumar Bal
  • Utkal University

2
What is Common?
  • Lakshmi Niwas Mittal
  • Kumar Mangalam Birla
  • Indra Nooyi
  • Osama Bin Laden

3
COURSE OUTLINE F.A.
  • Conceptual Knowledge
  • Mechanics
  • Financial Statements
  • Analysis Decision Making

4
F. A. WHY TO READ ?
  • Personal Life
  • Professional Life
  • An Investment for Future
  • Strategy

5
BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS
  • Merchandising (Trading) Organisations
  • Manufacturing Organisations
  • Service Organisations
  • Business organisations are cash machines.

6
BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS
  • Private Limited Company
  • Public Limited Company
  • Limited Liability Partnership

7
ACCOUNTING IS THE LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS.
  • Serves as a means of communication
  • Communicates / reports the events

8
Anthony Reece Accounting is not exactly a
foreign language the problem of learning it is
more like that of an American learning to speak
English as it is spoken in Great Britain.
Language evolve and change in response to the
changing needs of society, and so does
Accounting.
9
ACCOUNTING IS AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
  • INPUT (Raw Data)
  • SYSTEM PROCESSES (Men
    Equipment)
  • OUT PUT (Reports
    Information)

10
OUTPUTS
  • Financial Statements
  • Tax Returns
  • Managerial Data and Reports
  • Special Reports

11
USERS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION
  • Management
  • Shareholders and Investors
  • Lenders
  • Creditors
  • Employees
  • Customers
  • Govt. and Regulatory Agencies
  • General Public
  • Others Media, Consumer Organizations,
    Researchers Analysts, etc.

12
EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTING
  • Stewardship Accounting
  • Financial Accounting
  • Cost Accounting
  • Management Accounting
  • Financial Accounting Vs. Managerial Accounting

13
DEFINITIONS
  • AAA
  • Accounting is the process of identifying,
    measuring and communicating economic information
    to permit informed judgments and decisions by the
    users of information.
  • AICPA
  • Accounting is the art of recording, classifying
    and summarizing in a significant manner and in
    terms of money, transactions and events which are
    in part, at least of a financial character and
    interpreting the results thereof.

14
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
  • Recording
  • Classifying
  • Summarizing
  • Analyzing Interpreting
  • Communicating

15
OBJECTIVES F.A.
  • To keep systematic records.
  • To ascertain the net effects of the business
    operations.
  • To ascertain the financial position of the
    organisations.
  • To provide accounting information to interested
    parties.

16
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
  • Principles to be observed at the recording stage
  • Accounting Entity
  • Money Measurement
  • Objective Evidence
  • Dual Aspect
  • Realisation
  • Cost
  • Accrual
  • Principles to be observed at the reporting stage
  • Going concern
  • Accounting Period
  • Matching
  • Conservative
  • Consistency
  • Materiality
  • Full Disclosure

17
CASH BASIS Vs. ACCRUAL BASIS OF ACCOUNTING
  • Accounting Framework
  • Includes GAAP on the basis of which accounting
    data is processed, analyzed and reported.

18
GAAP
  • A set of concepts, conventions, rules, and
    procedures
  • Accepted by accountants over a period of time
  • Guides in the preparation and presentation of
    financial reports

19
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
  • Specifies acceptable accounting methods
  • Uniformity
  • Harmonization
  • ASB of the ICAI AS Vs. Ind AS
  • IASB - IFRS
  • FASB

20
ACCOUNTING EQUATION
  • Economic Resources
  • Sources of Resources or Claims.
  • Assets Liabilities
  • Equity Liabilities Assets

21
Analysing the Effects of Business Transactions.
Investment by OwnerReceipt of LoanPurchase of
Office Equipment
  • ASSETS
  • Cash Rs.12,000
  • Equipments Rs.58,000
  • ----------
  • 70,000
  • ----------
  • EQUITY LIABILITIES
  • Creditors Rs.20,000
  • Suresh, Equity 50,000
  • -----------
  • 70,000
  • -----------

22
BALANCE SHEET as at 31st March, 2011
  • LIABILITIES
  • Share Capital
  • Reserve and Surplus
  • Secured Loans
  • Unsecured Loans
  • Current Liabilities and Provisions
  • ASSETS
  • Fixed Assets
  • Investments
  • Current Assets And Loans Advances
  • Miscellaneous Expenditures
  • Profit Loss A/C

23
BALANCE SHEETas at 31st March, 2011
  • SOURCES OF FUNDS
  • Shareholders Fund
  • Loan Funds
  • APPLICATION OF FUNDS
  • Fixed Assets
  • Investments
  • Current Assets, Loans Advances
  • Less Current Liabilities Provision
  • Miscellaneous Expenditure

24
BALANCE SHEETas at 31st March, 2012
  • EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Note No. Current Previou
    s
  • Shareholders Fund
  • Share Application Money pending allotment
  • Non-current Liabilities
  • Current Liabilities
  • ASSETS
  • Non-current Assets
  • Fixed Assets
  • Non-current Investments
  • Deferred Tax Assets (net)
  • Long term loans and advances
  • Other non-current assets
  • Current Assets
  • Current Investments
  • Inventories
  • Trade receivables
  • Cash and cash equivalents
  • Short-term loans and advances

25
PROFIT LOSS A/Cfor the year ending 31st March
2011.
  • I. Income
  • II. Expenditure
  • III. Profit before Tax
  • IV. Provision for Taxation
  • V. Profit after Tax
  • VI. Balance b/f from last year
  • VII. Profit available for appropriation
  • Appropriations Dividends, Reserves
  • VIII. Balance transferred to Balance Sheet

26
PROFIT LOSS STATEMENTfor the year ending 31st
March 2012
  • I. Revenue from operations
  • II. Other income
  • III. Total Revenue
  • IV. Expenses .
  • V. Profit before exceptional and extraordinary
    items and tax
  • VI. Exceptional Items
  • VII. Profit before extraordinary items and tax
  • Extraordinary items
  • Profit before tax
  • Tax expense Current tax, Deferred tax
  • Profit/(loss) for the period from continuing
    operations
  • Profit/(loss) from discontinuing operations
  • Tax expense of discontinuing operations
  • Profit/(loss) from discontinuing operations
    (after tax)
  • Profit/(loss) for the period
  • Earnings per equity share Basic, Diluted

27
CASH FLOW STATEMENTfor the period ending on
March 31, 2012
  • Cash flow from operating activities
  • Cash flow from investing activities
  • Cash flow from financing activities
  • Net cash increase (decrease) in cash CE
  • Cash CE at beginning of the period
  • Cash CE at the end of the period.

28
PRODUCT MARKET FORCES Competitors, Customers
CAPITAL MARKET FORCES Investors, Lenders
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND REPORTS
REGULATORY FORCES Government, Securities Regulator
LABOUR MARKET FORCES Managers, Employees
29
LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
  • Vegetable Accounting
  • Focus on past / historical data
  • Postmortem Analysis
  • Ignore non-financial information
  • Ignore HR
  • Fails to provide all information to stake-holders
    for their decision making

30
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS.
  • Relevance
  • Reliability
  • Understandability
  • Comparability
  • Consistency
  • Neutrality
  • Materiality
  • Timeliness
  • Verifiability
  • Prudence

31
RECORDING BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS
  • Accounts
  • Ledger
  • Chart of Accounts Assets
  • Liabilities
  • Shareholders Equity
  • Revenues
  • Expenses

32
DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM
  • Luca Pacioli 1494
  • Dual Aspect
  • Debit Credit

33
LEDGER
  • T Account A Ledger account in simplified
    form.
  • TITLE OF ACCOUNT
  • Left or Debit side Right or Credit side
  • ANY ASSET / EXPENSE ACCOUNT
  • (Debit) (Credit)
  • Increase Decrease

34
Ledger
  • ANY LIABILITY / OWNERS EQUITY / REVENUE ACCOUNT
  • (Debit) (Credit)
  • Decrease Increase
  • Standard Form of Accounts
  • ANY ACCOUNT
  • Date Explanation Ref Debit
    Credit Balance

35
JOURNAL
  • GENERAL JOURNAL
  • DATE ACCOUNT TITLE EXPLANATION
    L.F DEBIT CREDIT


  • Rs.
    Rs.
  • 2009
  • June 1 Cash 1,00.000
  • Share Capital 1,00,000
  • Invested Cash
  • June 2 Office Equipment 50,000
  • Cash 20,000
  • Creditors 30,000
  • Purchase of office equipment on part
    payment

36
SUB-DIVISION OF JOURNAL
  • Cash Book
  • Purchases Journal
  • Sales Journal
  • Purchases Return Journal
  • Sales Return Journal
  • Bills Receivable Journal
  • Bills Payable Journal
  • Journal Proper

37
ADVANTAGES
  1. Classification of transactions
  2. Reference becomes easy
  3. Facilitate division of work
  4. More particulars
  5. Responsibility can be fixed
  6. Facilitates checking

38
PURCHASES JOURNAL
  • Date Name of the Supplier Invoice No. L.F.
    Amount Remarks

39
SALES JOURNAL
  • Date Name of the Customer Out ward Invoice No
    L.F Amount Remarks

40
THREE COLUMN CASH BOOK
Date Partic-ulars L.F. Disco-unt Allow-ed Rs. Cash Rs. Bank Rs. Date Partic-ulars L.F. Disco-unt Rece-ived Rs. Cash Rs. Bank Rs.

41
BANK RECONCILATION
  • Cash Book Vs. Pass Book
  • What is shown on the debit side of the Cash
    Book, appears on the credit side of the
    Customers A/c in Banks ledger and vice versa.
  • OVERDRAFT When cash book shows a credit balance
    or when pass book shows a debit balance.

42
CAUSES OF DIFFERENCE
  1. Cheques issued but not yet presented for payment
  2. Cheques deposited into the bank but not
    collected
  3. Bank charges
  4. Interest allowed by the bank, if any.
  5. Interest on overdraft.
  6. Amount collected by bank on standing instructions
  7. Payment made by bank as per standing instructions
  8. Direct payments into the bank made by customers
  9. Dishonor of cheques or bill
  10. Errors

43
BRS Rs. Rs.
Balance as per cash Book Add Items 1, 4, 6, 8 Less Items 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 Balance as per pass Book
44
TRIAL BALANCE
  • To check arithmetical accuracy
  • Equality of Debits Credits

45
LOCATING ERRORS
  • A debit posted in an A/C as a credit or vice
    versa
  • An A/C balance incorrectly computed
  • An A/C balance incorrectly recorded in TB
  • A debit balance incorrectly recorded as credit
    balance in TB or vice versa
  • A balance omitted entirely
  • The TB incorrectly added
  • Partial omission of an entry

46
ERRORS NOT DISCLOSED BY TB
  • Omission from Books of Accounts
  • Recording at a wrong amount
  • Compensating Errors
  • Posting in correct side but wrong A/C
  • Recording twice in subsidiary books
  • Errors of Principle

47
CORRECTING ERRORS
  • Correcting Entries
  • Suspense Account

48
MEASURING BUSINESS INCOME
  • Profits Life blood survival growth
  • Accountants prefer the term Net Profit
    instead of Income
  • NP Revenues Expenses
  • Gains Losses
  • Accounting Period
  • Accrual Accounting
  • Matching principle

49
Measuring Income Cont.
  • Adjustment process
  • Outstanding Expense
  • Prepaid Expense
  • Accrued Income
  • Income Received in Advance

50
CAPITAL AND REVENUE
  • RULES
  • Items of revenue nature Income Statement.
  • Items of Capital nature Balance Sheet.
  • NEEDS
  • Calculation of true Profit.
  • Determination of true Financial Position.

51
Capital Revenue Cont.
  • CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
  • Acquisition of F.A.
  • Expenditure on F.A. to increase life
  • Exp. On development of land or mines
  • Cost of experiment Patent
  • Legal charges for F.A.
  • REVENUE EXPENDITURE
  • - Exp. on day-to-day conduct of business
  • Exp. For buying goods
  • Exp. For maintaining F.A. Depreciation on F.A.
  • Interest on Loan
  • Regular legal charges

52
DEFERRED REVENUE EXPENDITURE
  • Exp. on advertisement for a new product
  • Preliminary Expenses
  • Brokerage Underwriting Commission
  • Cost of shifting plants to a new site

53
Capital Revenue Receipts
  • CAPITAL RECEIPTS
  • Capital introduced
  • Loan received
  • Sale proceeds of F.A.
  • REVENUE RECEIPTS
  • Sale proceeds of goods
  • Other Income (Commission, Rent, Interest, etc)

54
PROFIT LOSS A/Cfor the year ending 31st March
2012.
  • I. Revenue from operations
  • II. Other income
  • III. Total Revenue
  • IV. Expenses .
  • V. Profit before exceptional and extraordinary
    items and tax
  • VI. Exceptional Items
  • VII. Profit before extraordinary items and tax
  • Extraordinary items
  • Profit before tax
  • Tax expense Current tax, Deferred tax
  • Profit/(loss) for the period from continuing
    operations
  • Profit/(loss) from discontinuing operations
  • Tax expense of discontinuing operations
  • Profit/(loss) from discontinuing operations
    (after tax)
  • Profit/(loss) for the period
  • Earnings per equity share Basic, Diluted

55
ACCOUNTING FOR MERCHANDISING TRANSACTIONS
  • Revenues from Sales
  • Cost of Goods Sold
  • Gross Profit S COGS
  • Operating Expenses
  • PBIT GP Op. Exp.
  • PBT PBIT Int. Exp.
  • NP PBT Income Tax

56
MERCHANDISING COMPANY
  • Classified P L A/C
  • Classified Balance Sheet

57
INVENTORIES
  • Raw Materials
  • WIP
  • Finished Goods

58
Inventories
  • Physical Inventory
  • Pricing the Inventory
  • - Specific Identification
  • - FIFO
  • - LIFO
  • - Weighted Average Cost

59
Inventories
  • Conservatism
  • Consistency
  • Inventory Turnover

60
MANUFACTURING COMPANY
  • Cost of Goods Manufactured
  • - Raw Material Consumed
  • - Direct Labour
  • - Manufacturing Overhead
  • - WIP
  • MANUFACTURING ACCOUNT

61
MANUFACTURING COMPANY
  • COGS
  • - Finished Goods Opening
  • - Cost of Goods Manufactured
  • - Cost of Goods Available for Sale
  • - Finished Goods Closing

62
FIXED ASSETS
  • Investment in Long-lived Assets
  • Source of Future Revenue Potential
  • Fixed Assets Vs. Current Assets
  • Intention
  • TANGIBLE Vs. INTANGIBLE
  • Natural Resources

63
ACQUISITION OF F.A.
  • Cost Purchase price, Duties taxes on
    purchase, and Directly attributable cost
  • Purchase price After Trade Discount
    Rebates
  • Directly Attributable Cost Registration fees,
    Lawyers fees, Brokerage, Freight, Installation
    cost, Professional fees,
  • Pre-production exp.

64
F.A.
  • Capitalisation of borrowing costs Directly
    attributable
  • Stop capitalisation When the F.A. is complete
    ready for use
  • Basket Purchases Fair Values Professional
    valuers L. B.
  • Donated Assets AS 20 Grant Asset Recorded
    at fair value or nominal value
  • Self-constructed Assets Costs attributable

65
DEPRECIATION
  • Depreciation represents the expired portion of
    the cost of an asset.
  • Depreciation and Depletion
  • Depreciation and Amortization
  • Depreciation and Obsolescence
  • Depreciation and Fluctuation

66
CAUSES
  1. Wear and Tear
  2. Lapse of Time
  3. Obsolescence
  4. Depletion

67
OBJECTIVES OF PROVIDING DEPRECIATION
  • Ascertaining the true profit
  • Ascertaining the true cost of production
  • Presentation of true financial position
  • Funds for replacement of assets

68
FACTORS INFLUENCEING DEPRECIATION
  • Cost of the asset
  • Estimated working life
  • Estimated scrap/residual/salvage value
  • Depreciable Base Cost (Residual value
    Cost of disposal)

69
DEPRECIATION METHODS
  • Fixed Installment Method or Straight-line Method
  • Depreciation (p.a.) (C S) / N
  • 2. Written-down-Value Method or Diminishing
    Balance Method
  • Depreciation Rate 1- (Residual value /
    Cost)1/n

70
SPECIAL PROBLEMS
  • Depreciation for partial periods
  • Revision of depreciation rates
  • Assets of low unit costs
  • Changing the depreciation method
  • Group depreciation
  • Depreciation for Income Tax
  • Disposal of F.A.
  • Revaluation of F.A.

71
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
  • Amortisation of I.A.
  • Goodwill
  • Brands
  • R. D. costs
  • Computer software costs
  • Deferred costs
  • IMPAIRMENT OF ASSETS
  • Impairment Loss Carrying Amt.
    Recoverable Amt.

72
NATURAL RESOURCES
  • Wasting Assets - Depletion

73
LIABILITIES
  • Obligations for future payment
  • Current Vs. Long-term
  • Secured Vs. Unsecured
  • Contingent liabilities

74
CURRENT LIABILITIES
  • Definite liabilities Vs. Estimated liabilities
  • Definite Liabilities
  • Trade Creditors
  • Bills Payable
  • VAT Payable
  • Current portions of Long-term Debt
  • Accrued Liabilities
  • Unearned Revenues

75
Estimated Liabilities
  • Provision
  • Income Tax
  • Product Warranties
  • Dividends Payable

76
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
  • Debentures or Bonds
  • Lease Liabilities
  • Pension Liabilities
  • Deferred Tax Liabilities

77
DEBENTURES
  • Secured Unsecured
  • Registered Unregistered
  • Term Serial
  • Convertible
  • Callable bonds
  • Zero-coupon bonds
  • Debenture Rating
  • Debenture issued at a Premium/Discount

78
SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY
  • Share Capital
  • Authorised Capital
  • Issued, Subscribed Paid-up Capital
  • Par Value or Face Value
  • Dividends

79
Accounting for Share Capital
  • Issue at par
  • Issue at premium
  • Issue for non-cash assets
  • Rights Issue
  • Forfeiture of Shares

80
PREFERENCE SHARE
  • Cumulative Non-cumulative
  • Participating Non-participating
  • Redeemable Non-redeemable
  • Convertible Non-convertible

81
RESERVES
  • Capital Reserve Revenue Reserve
  • Share Premium
  • Capital Redemption Reserve
  • Debenture Redemption Reserve
  • Investment Allowance Reserve
  • APPROPRIATIONS

82
Buy-back of SharesBonus SharesStock-based
CompensationEPS
83
CASH FLOW STATEMENT
  • Shows the historical changes in Cash CE
  • During a particular period
  • Operating, Investing Financing activities

84
C.F.S. Benefits
  • Ability to generate Cash CE
  • Needs to utilise cash flows
  • Assess Liquidity Solvency
  • Indicator of future cash flow
  • Relationship Profitability Net Cash Flow

85
Cash Flow from Operating Activities-Direct
  • Cash receipts from Customers
  • Cash paid to Suppliers Employees
  • Cash generated from Operation
  • - Income taxes paid
  • Cash flow before Extra-ordinary items
  • - Extra-ordinary items
  • Net cash from Operating Activities

86
Cash Flow from Operating Activities-Indirect
  • N.P. before Tax Extra-ordinary item
  • Adjustments for
  • Depreciation
  • Foreign Exchange Loss
  • Interest Dividend Income
  • Interest Expense
  • Op. Profit before W.C. changes
  • Changes in S. Drs. Inventory
  • Changes in S. Crs.
  • Cash generated from Operation
  • Income Taxes paid
  • Cash flow before Extra-ordinary item
  • Extra-ordinary Items
  • Net Cash from Operating Activities

87
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
  • Purchase of Fixed Assets
  • Sale of F.A.
  • Purchase of other Investments
  • Sale of other Investments
  • Interest Received
  • Dividend Received
  • Net cash from(used in) Investing Activities

88
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
  • Proceeds from issue of Share Capital
  • Proceeds from Long-term Borrowings
  • Repayments of Long-term Borrowing
  • Interest Paid
  • Dividend Paid
  • Net Cash from(used in) Financing Activities

89
CASH FLOW STATEMENT
  • Cash flow from operating activities
  • Cash flow from investing activities
  • Cash flow from financing activities
  • Net cash increase(decrease) in cash CE
  • Cash CE at beginning of the period
  • Cash CE at the end of the period.

90
BALANCE SHEET (Figures in Lakhs) LIABILITIE
S AND EQUITY March 31, 2012 March 31,
2011Share capital 550 500Reserves 200 10
0Profit and Loss balance 135 125Long-term
borrowings 300 250Current liabilities 135
100Provisions for tax 120 75Proposed
dividend 55 50TOTAL 1495 1200ASSETS
Gross fixed assets 750 600Less Accumulated
depreciation 390 300Net fixed
assets 360 300Investment (all
long-term) 250 200Inventories 190 100Debt
ors 120 80Cash and bank balance 50
30Loans and advances 525 490TOTAL 1495 1
200
91
PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED
MARCH 31, 2012INCOME (Figures in
Lakhs)Sales 1260Other income 152Stock
adjustment 18Total 1430EXPENDITURERaw
materials consumed 715Manufacturing
expenses 140Administration expenses 80Sell
ing and distribution expenses 65Depreciation
90Interest 55Total 1145Profit
before tax (PBT) 285Provision for
tax 120Profit after tax (PAT) 165Profit
and loss balance at the beginning of the
year 125Profit available for appropriation 29
0Transfer to reserves 100Proposed dividend
(including dividend tax) 55Balance of profit
carried to balance sheet 135i. Loans and
advance include income tax paid Rs.120 lakhs
(previous year Rs.75 lakhs).Ii. During
2008-2009, 5,00,000 equity shares of Rs.10 each
were issued at par.Iii. Long-term loan Rs.30
lakhs repaid during the year. Long term loan
raised during the years Rs.80 lakhs.Prepare Cash
flow statement.
92
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS
  • OBJECTIVES
  • Liquidity
  • Solvency
  • Profitability
  • Efficiency
  • Health Performance
  • PROCESS
  • Select
  • Relate
  • Evaluate

93
STANDARDS OF COMPARISONS
  • Rule-of-thumb
  • Past Performance
  • Industry Standards

94
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
  • Company Reports
  • Stock Exchanges
  • Business Periodicals
  • Information Services

95
TECHNIQUES OF FSA
  • Horizontal Analysis
  • Trend Analysis
  • Vertical Analysis
  • Ratio Analysis

96
RATIO ANALYSIS
  • Profitability Ratios
  • Liquidity Ratios
  • Solvency Ratios
  • Capital Market Ratios

97
LIQUIDITY RATIOS
  • Current Ratio
  • Quick Ratio
  • Debtor Turnover
  • Inventory Turnover

98
SOLVENCY RATIOS
  • Debt-to-Equity Ratio
  • Interest Coverage Ratio

99
CAPITAL MARKET RATIOS
  • Price-Earnings Ratio
  • Dividend Yield
  • Price-to-Book Ratio

100
PROFITABILITY RATIOS
  • Profit Margin
  • Asset Turnover
  • Return on Assets or ROI
  • Return on Equity
  • EPS

101
CORPORATE DISCLOSURE
  • Annual Reports
  • Financial Reports / Special Reports

102
ANNUAL REPORTS
  • To inform the Share Holders
  • Performance Health
  • To provide information to other users

103
Annual Report Contents
  • Chairmans Report
  • Directors Report
  • Auditors Report
  • Profit Loss Statement
  • Balance Sheet
  • Cash Flow Statement
  • Segment Reports

104
Annual Report Contents
  • Highlights
  • Financial Production Statistics
  • EVA Reporting
  • HRA Reporting
  • Environmental Reporting
  • Social Reporting
  • Value Added Statement
  • Inflation Accounting

105
The woods are lovely, dark and deep. But I have
promises to keep. And miles to go before I
sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. Robert
Frost Arise, awake and stop not till the goal
is reached.
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)