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1
Referencing Conventions

• Give credit to others for ideas and words
• Important feature of scholarship
• Vary from one field to another
• Require attention to detail
• Involves citations and reference lists

2
Acknowledgements

• Use for general contributions to a document
• Keep the acknowledgement short and direct
• Example I would like to thank John Smith for
  contributing
• his expertise in the area of hydraulic erosion
  to
• this report.

3
Footnotes

• Use smaller font (8 or 9 point) to distinguish it
  from the text.
• Use 1.5 to 2 inch horizontal line to separate
  footnote from text.
• If more than 2 or 3 footnotes, number them if
  only a few notes, use symbols such as or .
• Avoid footnotes if using footers if you must use
  them, leave 1/2 to 1 inch blank space between
  footnote and footer.
• If possible, avoid more than one footnote per
  page.

4
Citations

• Citations provide just enough information for a
  reader to find the source of an idea or quotation
  in a reference list.
• Two common types of citations Numbers or
  Author/Date
• Using numbers saves space, but provides little
  information
• Designing a robust controller requires a nominal
  model of the controlled plant 1.
• 10, 11, 12 propose alternative models.

5
Author/Date Citations

• Author/date system acknowledges authors ideas
  and words by last name(s) and year of
  publication.
• This information is useful to someone who knows
  the literature in the field.
• Recent research (Black Johnston 2002) supports
  this explanation.
• One expert claims that such groups can be the
  forward-thinking, value-oriented, leading bodies
  we claim them to be (Carver 1997).

6
Citing Sources

• Two or more publications by same author(s) in
  same year
• (Chan 1999a 1999b)
• Use these letters after dates in reference list.
• More than one author
• Two authors (Santos and Martin 2001)
• Three authors (Smith, Trinh, and Matsui 2001)
  for first reference. (Smith et al. 2001) for
  subsequent references
• Four or more authors, et al. for all references
  (McManus et al. 1998)

7
Citing Sources

• More Than One Source Cited
• Separate sources with semi-colons
• (Vincent 1998 Wong 2000 Young and Rawicz 2001)
• If more than one source by the same author, give
  name once and then just dates
• (Carver 1986 1992, 1995, 2000)

8
Citing Sources

• Author Unknown
• Substitute association, corporation, government
  agency, or other group.
• If group name is in sentence, omit from citation.
• (NRC 1999)
• These estimates are based on data provided by
  the
• National Research Council (1999).

9
Citing Sources

• Additional Information
• To help readers find information, include volume,
  page, section, equation numbers, etc.
• Separate this additional information from the
  date with a comma
• (Singh 2001, 55) to refer to a single page
• (Jones 2002, 63-65) to refer to more than one
  page
• (Xu 1999, sec 11.5) to refer to a relevant
  section
• (Peterson 2000, eq. 10) to refer to an equation

10
Citing Sources

• Unnecessary Information.
• Omit any information already given in the text.
• Saif first proposed this method in 1994 (45-51).

11
Citing Sources

• Unconventional Sources
• For interviews, personal letters, mail or e-mail
  exchanges, provide full name and nature and date
  of communication.
• (John Brown, letter to the author, July 2000)
• (Bill Smith, telephone interview, 10 Sept 1999)
• (Susan Eaglets, e-mail exchange, Aug-Sept 1998)
• (Aaron Bates, e-mail to the author, 4 Nov 2000)

12
Citing Sources

• On-line Sources
• Provide author/date, author, short title, or name
  of organization much as for text-based sources.
• Only use URL as the citation if the item is not
  in your reference list and the site is stable.
• If not including item in reference list, provide
  enough information for a reader to locate the
  information.
• (XYZ Inc., Thermistor Price List, accessed 22
  May 1999 lthttp//www.xyz.nz/thermistors/pricelist
  /gt

13
Placing Citations in Sentences

• Whenever possible, place citations at the ends of
  sentences or before a punctuation mark.
• Take care that citations are placed to clarify
  the points they support.
• Which of the following sentences is unclear?
• Researchers (Lightfoot and Jackson 1998) have
  reported findings that support this alternative
  explanation.
• Researchers have reported findings that support
  this alternative explanation (Lightfoot and
  Jackson 1998).

14
Quoting Sources

• If you borrow even a phrase from another writer,
  acknowledge the source and use quotation marks.
• Incorporate short quotations into your sentences
• One of the requirements is that Each bid must
  be accompanied by a certified check or cash to
  the among of nine thousand dollars (Brantwurst
  1989, 46).

15
Quoting Sources

• For a longer quote, omit quotation marks, single
  space, indent, and put citation after the
  period
• Eric Brantwurst notes the following requirement
• Each bid must be accompanied by a certified
  check or cash in the amount of nine thousand
  dollars. All certified checks must be drawn on
  some responsible bank doing business in the city
  of Vancouver, and shall be made payable to the
  City of Vancouver. (1989, 45)

16
Quoting Sources

• How to quote a passage that contains a quotation
  depends on whether or not the quotation is part
  of a sentence
• As part of a sentence
• Dagwood Brunster recalls an extraordinary
  engineering feat Sam Williams, the chief
  engineer, shrieked at all of the layabouts who
  were drinking coffee laced with rum, Get off
  your duffs, or Ill recall your engineering
  licenses, and throw you overboard to boot!
  (1999, 47).

17
Quoting Sources

• Quoting within an indented quotation
• Dagwood Brunster recalls an extraordinary
  engineering feat
• Sam Williams, the chief engineer, shrieked at
  all of the layabouts who were drinking coffee
  laced with rum, Get off your duffs, or Ill
  recall your engineering licenses, and throw you
  overboard to boot. Move it before you lose it!
  Shortly, they were all back at work, sweating
  profusely under the warm Arctic summer sun.
  (1999, 4748)

18
Quoting Sources

• Sometimes you need to make changes to quotations
  so they match the grammar of your sentence.
• Indicate changes by placing them in square
  brackets.
• As Humphreys explains, Major investors were
  pleased with the Presidents successor.
• On rare occasions, you may want to note an error
  in a quotation by using sic.
• Before you use this convention, assess its
  affect sic on your readers.

19
Reference Lists

• Prepare a reference list if you have more than a
  few sources in a document otherwise consider
  using footnotes
• Refer to the list as References in the Sciences
  and as a Bibliography in the Humanities
• Create an alphabetical list by authors last name
  for the author/date citation system
• Organize a list according the numbers assigned to
  sources for a numbered citation system
• Pay careful attention to details such as
  punctuation, capitalization, indentation, and the
  use of quotation marks and italics

20
Reference Lists

• Two works by the same author (or by the same
  authors in exactly the same order)
• Burnett, R.E. 1993. Conflict in collaborative
  decision making. Professional Communication The
  Social Perspective, eds. N.R. Blyler and C.
  Thralls. Newbury Park, CA Sage Publications,
  144-162.
• ------. 1997. Collaboration in workplace
  communication. Chapter 5 in Technical
  Communication, 4th ed. Belmont, CA Wadsworth,
  85-114.

21
Reference Lists

• Journal articles
• Harney, M. 2000. Is technical writing an
  engineering discipline? IEEE Trans. Prof.
  Commun. 432, 210- 212.
• Markus, L. 1994. Electronic mail as the medium
  of managerial choice. Organization Sci. 54, 504.

22
Reference Lists

• Articles in collections other than journals
• Barchilon, M.G. Sept. 1998. Technologys impact
  on online résumés. Proc. Int. Professional
  Communication Conf. Quebec City, Que. Canada.
• Burnett, R.E. 1993. Conflict in collaborative
  decision making. Professional Communication The
  Social Perspective, eds. N.R. Blyler and C.
  Thralls. Newbury Park, CA Sage, 144-162.
• Robey, D., M.C. Boudreau, and V.C. Storey. 1998.
  Looking before we leap. Electronic Commerce
  Papers from the Third International Conference
  on Management of Networked Organizations, eds.
  G. St Amant and M. Amani. 275-290.

23
Reference Lists

• Unpublished conference papers
• Divsalar, D. and J.K. Omura. June 1979.
  Performance of mismatched Viterbi receiver on
  satellite channels. Presented at Int. Conf.
  Commun., Boston MA.

24
Reference Lists

• Unpublished theses or dissertations
• Newland, P.A. 1990. Understanding Designers
  Knowledge Acquisition Processes A Potential
  for Enhancing Information Transfer. PhD
  dissertation. Portsmouth Univ., Portsmouth, UK.

25
Reference Lists

• Books
• Austin, J.L. 1975. How to Do Things with Words,
  2nd ed., J.O. Urmson and M. Sbisá editors.
  Cambridge MA Harvard University Press.
• Berners-Lee, T. and M. Fischetti. 1999. Weaving
  the Web The Original Design and Ultimate
  Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor.
  New York Harper Collins.

26
Reference Lists

• On-line sources
• Conventions still evolving
• Include as much of same information as for
  text-based source as possible
• Include date you accessed site and the URL

27
Reference Lists

• Web articles
• Beverley, C. 1993. The ethics of technology in
  education. 30 Aug. 2000 lthttp//rgfn.epcc.edu/ p
  rograms/trainer/ethics.htmlgt

28
Reference Lists

• Published articles accessed on the web
• Whitbeck.C. Fall 1996. Problems and cases New
  directions in ethics 1980-1996. 30 Aug. 2000
  lthttp//www.onlineethics.org/essays/education/
• index.htmlgt.

29
Reference Lists

• On-line publications
• Greenleaf, G. June 1996. A proposed privacy code
  for Asia-Pacific cyberlaw. Journal of
  Computer- Mediated Communication, ed. A.W.
  Branscomb. 21. 30 Aug 2000 lthttp//www.ascusc.or
  g.vol2/issue1gt.

30
Reference Lists

• On-line discussion groups
• Adamowski, T. Writers resource. IEEE PCS Online
  Discussion Forum. 14 Dec. 1999
  lthttp//ieeepcs.org/ wwwboard/gt,

31
Sample Reference List
32
Variations

• Referencing conventions vary among disciplines,
  fields, publications, and companies
• Wise, Penelope. Money Today Two Cents for a
  Dollar. No Profit Review 2 (1987) 123-42.
• Wise. P. Money Today Two cents for a dollar. No
  Profit Rev. 2 123-42.
• Wise. P. 1987. Money today. No Profit Rev. 2
  123-42.
• Wise, P. 1987. No Profit Rev. 2 123-42.

33
Disciplinary Differences in Ref. Lists
34
IEEE Style

• 1 B. Oakley, II, HyperCard courseware for
  introduction to circuit analysis, in Proc. ASEE
  Annu. Meet., 1991, pp. 496-500.
• 2 Microsoft Video for Windows, Microsoft Corp.
  232-100-901, 1994.
• 3 K.L. Conway, Putting technology in its
  place the classroom, Institute for Academic
  Technology, Spring 1991, p. 5.
• 4 P.R. Keller and M.M. Keller, Visual Cues, Los
  Alamitos, CA, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993.

35
ASEE Style

• 1. Tonso, K.L. Becoming Engineers While
  Working Collaboratively Knowledge and Gender in
  a Non-Traditional Engineering Course, part of
  Margaret Eisenharts Final Report to the Spencer
  Foundation entitled The Construction of
  Scientific Knowledge Outside School, 1993.
• 2. Lunsford, A. Ede L., Why Write . . .
  Together A Research Update, Rhetoric Review, 5,
  1986, pp. 71-76.
• 3. Learning Together Makes a Difference, The
  Teaching Professor, June/July 1995, p. 5.