The International Panel on Climate Change IPCC

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The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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What is the IPCC?

• Intergovernmental panel that evaluates man
  induced climate change
• Run two UN organizations
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
• The panel does not conduct research only creates
  scholarly literature based in scientific findings
• Established in 1988

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How the IPCC is Organized
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IPCC

• Panel consists of governmental representatives
  from different countries
• Composed of three working groups each is
  responsible for a specific task
• Working Group 1 The Physical Science Basis of
  Climate Change.
• Working Group 2 Climate Change Impact Adaption
  and Vulnerability.
• Working Group 3 Mitigation of Climate Change.

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2007 Nobel Peace Prize awarded to IPCC and Al
Gore
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IPCCs special report concerning food consumption

• More than 800 million malnourished people
• Food consumption pattern will double with
  increasing population
• More agriculture is needed therefore causing
  global warming
• Cyclic relationship between agriculture and
  global warming

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Current Food Consumption Patterns Developed
Countries

• The transformation of lifestyles and cultural
  models, the altered time-organization of daily
  life and the modification of market and labour
  processes are the largest factors in changing
  food choices.
• Globally, food is no longer considered just as a
  means of survival, but is often considered a
  criterion for cultural identity and
  self-expression, but buying food in a social
  context is related to the cultural heritage of
  each individual.
• Food consumption is heavily influenced by the
  family and social values of each group, and the
  sense of belonging is reinforced by food choices.
  

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Developed Countries

• Increasing consumption of highly processed food,
  such as pre-cut, pre-cooked, ready-to-eat food
  products (often canned, refrigerated, or frozen),
  as well as ready-made meals which can be consumed
  anywhere.
• Convenience has become increasingly important
  when choosing fruit and vegetables.
• In the period 19971999, for example, 52 per cent
  of vegetables were bought by US consumers as
  canned, frozen, or dried products 43 per cent of
  fruit consumed was purchased as juice. 8

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Developed Countries

• One of today's most evident trends, according to
  western consumers, is the lack of time for
  shopping, cooking, and eating.
• It has been estimated that 17 per cent of frozen
  products now on the market did not exist two
  years ago.
• The majority of women in developed countries have
  now entered the labour force the rate of
  urbanization has globally increased.

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Developed Countries

• Working hours and the distance between workplace
  and home have
• Grown disposable income, available for spending
  on value added food products (such as convenience
  foods), has increased.
• The number of people living alone increased
  dramatically in the last decade in all western
  societies and traditional meal hence no longer
  present. This additional factor then further
  encourages singles to consume readymade and quick
  meals, often eaten outside.
• Other factors affecting consumption patterns, are
  the presence of children in the household and the
  gender of the consumers.

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Developed Countries

• American households with children spend about 26
  per cent more than the average consumer and often
  this increase is due to the purchase of new
  products that are specifically positioned by
  retailers in order to be very appealing to new
  moms. 9
• The role of children is instrumental in
  determining the dietary habits of entire
  households. For example, mothers try to be more
  responsible when children are part of the
  household and usually buy more nutritional food.
• Women are usually more sensible and cautious with
  regards to food quality and safety. In addition,
  womens priorities concerning food purchase and
  consumption are often different from those of
  men.

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Developed Countries

• But the key-factor has, without doubt, been the
  interest in health. 81 In the western world,
  consumers are nowadays more concerned about their
  well-being than at any other time in history.
• Growth in the use of media and Internet
  communication public more aware of risk factors.

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Current Food Consumption Patterns Developing
Countries

• Most important factors behind current trends in
  developing countries are urbanization, rising
  incomes and changing lifestyles.
• Migration Pattern People move from the
  countryside to the city, food preference change,
  less time to prepare food and a wider choice,
  more influence from other cultures (western)
• In almost every developing country, traditional
  meals based on cereals and vegetables, as well as
  local grain and root dishes, have been rapidly
  replaced by livestock products and other
  non-traditional cereals, such as wheat.

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Developing Countries

• The most obvious consequence of economic growth
  is the preference for meat, fish, and dairy
  products.
• Another important driving force behind increased
  dairy product consumption is the
  internationalization of emerging markets. This
  has created a growing demand for western style
  dairy products such as mozzarella cheese for
  pizza toppings. 105

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Developing Countries

• A new problem is the growing number of people in
  developing countries who suffer from obesity
  resulting from the increased meat and fat in
  their diets.
• Significant growth in the numbers of obese and
  overweight people can be observed in Brazil,
  China, India.
• This situation is paradoxical because in many
  developing countries, such as India, an enormous
  number of individuals, children in particular,
  suffer from malnutrition.

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Developing Countries

• One additional factor in the development of this
  process is the great influence of western
  lifestyle, spread by the media in developing
  countries over the last decade.
• Thanks to the growth of international trade,
  western companies have made great efforts to try
  to capture these profitable emerging markets,
  especially through the use of advertising and
  marketing tools.
• Western food companies. Fast food chains such as
  McDonald's, Pizza Hut, TGI Fridays,Pizza
  Express, and Dunkin Donuts are already very
  popular.

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Developing Countries

• A matter of real concern is that, due to the
  current process of globalization, western culture
  has been exporting not only its food products but
  also its lifestyle, including the negative
  aspects.
• In children, demonstrated that advertisements
  encourage children to substitute regular meals
  with energy drinks and chocolate products.
• The total amount of TV food advertising was 227
  hours per week (considering all TV channels).
• At the top of the list of advertised products
  were chocolates, candies, chewing gums, soft
  drinks, and biscuits. 11

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Review of Impacts

• Impact of farming
• Poor countries degradation, erosion, irrigation,
  tree cutting
• Rich countries excessive use of fertilizers and
  use of pesticides promotes to contamination
• Impact of Livestock
• Direct Impacts Gas emission, pollution and soil
  degradation
• Indirect Impacts Production of grain and animal
  feed for cattle nutrition (more animal excretes,
  Live stock revolution and their need for space),
  forest loss, soil degradation, NH3 and CH4
  Production
• Impact at Consumer Level
• Lack of time to eat in, Ease of eating out, Role
  of women smarter choices, men and kids dictate
  the choice of food in a family.

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Solutions

• Micro
• Practice low input farming methods
• Use of organic crops to preserve biodiversity
• Practice energy saving household items(energy
  saving cooking pots, decreases energy by 20
  percent, refrigerators and ovens that save
  energy)
• Target WOMEN on smart food choices (example of
  Grameen Bank)

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Solutions

• Meso
• In high yield areas, have high prices and put
  more constraint on subsidies to discourage
  excessive and irrational use
• Promote educational seminars on childhood
  education and family planning
• Incorporate healthy eating classes as part of the
  educational curriculum
• Discourage eating out (spend three times more
  energy than eating in) BIG MAC reqd energy
  varies from 7.3-20 MJ, where as eating in 1.5-5
  MJ per portion.
• Encourage a shift in lifestyle behavioral
  change (introduce round the clock groceries to
  help reduce eating out)
• Create synergy between producers and consumers

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Solutions

• Macro
• Research on alternative agricultural practices to
  decrease huge amounts of mineral fertilizers and
  pesticides
• Establish strict policies on agricultural
  practices and fresh water conservation
• Provide public education and programs to
  encourage environmental friendly practices
• Promote healthy eating practices through joint
  partnerships with local media
• Increase government funded programs for smart
  food choices (educate people and breakdown
  cultural norms on ethnic food choices situation
  in Indian subcontinent heavy eating practices,
  twice a day in developing nations )

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Solutions

• Enforce threshold billing the more energy you
  use, the more you pay and jumps by threshold
• Discourage food from being a cultural identity
  and social value behavioral
• Place more stringent laws for companies and their
  marketing tactics (unhealthy food promotes to
  unhealthy lifestyle, increases energy
  consumption, increases cost health care)
• Monitor and introduce more stringent methods on
  foreign food chains invading developing countries
  (transfer of rich nations poor practices to the
  poorer nations, very lucrative for companies but
  devastating for ppl example Macdonalds, kellogs,
  etc.. have done), less ppl will suffer from
  obesity.

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Solutions

• Use health risk and environmental sustainability
  as a theme to reinforce smart food choices to
  counter current marketing practices
  (biodegradable, shows history and origin of food
  used by companies)
• Create consumers rather than products (marketing
  war to shift choices), reaffirm sense of
  belonging, sense of identity
• Introduce government programs to subsidize small
  farmers and companies
• Give foreign aid to promote technology (smart
  irrigation systems, , smart management of local
  food plants in dvlp countries, pest control
  systems)
• THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY!

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Case Study

• Cultural and traditional practices (slaughter
  during EID)

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Reference List

• Boucher, J., et al. Long-term Trends in Fish
  Recruitment in the North-East Atlantic Related to
  Climate Change. Fisheries Oceanography. (2007)
  164, 336-349.
• Brandt, S., et al. Estimating Energy Density of
  Fish. American Fisheries Society. (1995) 1243,
  347-355.
• Eaton, J., et al. Global Warming Potential
  Changes in Fish Habitat in U.S Streams. Climate
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• Eide, A., et al. Economic Impacts of Global
  Warming A Study of the Fishing Industry in North
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• Hill, D., et al. Potential Effects of Global
  Climate Warming on the Growth Prey Consumption
  of Great Lakes Fish. American Fisheries Society.
  (1990) 1192, 265-275.
• McDonald, G., et al. The Cost of Living for
  Freshwater Fish in a Warmer, More Polluted World.
  Global Change Biology. (2001) 7, 345-355.
• Government of Canada Fisheries Oceans.
  Canad-Nasco Implementation Plan. Retrieved Feb.
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  htm.
• Government of Canada Fisheries Oceans. Fast
  Facts. Retrieved Feb. 2, 2008, from
  http//www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/communic/facts-info/facts
  -info_e.htm.
• Neptune Industries Inc. Retrieved Feb. 20, 2008,
  from http//www.neptuneindustries.net/home.htm.
• World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Are We Putting Our
  Fish In Hot Water? Retrieved Feb. 2, 2008, from
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  al.pdf.

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Reference List

• UNEP Global Environment Outlook 2000 UNEP/
  Earthscan Publication 2000 pp. 52-3, 98-9,
  120-22.
• Wood S. et al. Agroecosystems Pilot Analysis
  of Global Ecosystems International Food Policy
  Research Institute and World Resources Institute
  2000 pp.40-42.
• Wood S. et al. Agroecosystems Pilot Analysis
  of Global Ecosystems International Food Policy
  Research Institute and World Resources Institute
  2000 p.3
• Amor A. J. et al. " New study reveals that
  environmental damage threatens future world food
  production" World Resources Institute Press
  Center News Releases 14 Feb 2001
• Delgado C. et al. Livestock to 2020.The next
  food revolution Food ,Agriculture and
  Environment Paper 28 a joint FAO, IFPRI, ILRI
  publication May 1999 pp.45-7.
• Quist J. Environmental Assessment of Shopping,
  Cooking and Eating Scenarios in the Netherlands
  Background Report, SusHouse Project, July 2000.
• Costa A.I.A. et al. A consumeroriented
  classification system for home meal
  replacements. Food Quality and Preference, 12
  (2001) pp 229-242.
• Food Marketing Institute Super Market Research
  Vol. 2, number 7, September/October.
• Fagerli A. F. Changes in Norwegian food
  habits SIFO publication , Report 199.
• Mikkelson P. The global dairy industry today
  Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation
  361/2001p.38.
• Deshpande Shirish Impact of Food
  Advertisements on Children Mumbai Grahak
  Panchayat publication 1999.

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Reference List

• Moss R. et al. "The Regional Impacts of Climate
  Change An Assessmentof Vulnerability.? IPCC
  Special Report 1997
• Greenpeace "Agriculture's climate change role
  demands urgent action",2008
• Greenpeace "Cool Farming Climate Impacts", 2008
• World Wildlife Fund "Global Warming", 2008
• World Wildlife Fund "Forests and Freshwater",
  2008
• Pachauri R. K. Presentation for the Award of the
  Nobel Peace Prizeawarded to the Intergovernmental
  Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007

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Reference List

• http//youtube.com/watch?vf47zqawPhmcfeatureuse
  r
• http//www.cgdev.org/
• http//www.google.ca/search?hlenqGlobalwarming
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• http//www.ifpri.org/media/20071204agm/agmfindings
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• http//www.un.org/esa/sustdev/publications/househo
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• http//www.agrifood-forum.net/issues/consumption/d
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