INTERNSHIP FORUM 2005,TOKYO

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INTERNSHIP FORUM 2005,TOKYO

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Title: INTERNSHIP FORUM 2005,TOKYO


1
INTERNSHIP FORUM 2005,TOKYO
  • Bruce A. Lumsden, Director, CECS
  • Sujeet K. Chaudhuri, Professor, ECE
  • University of Waterloo, CANADA
  • and
  • Peter Franks, CEO, WACE, USA
  • February 21, 2005

2
WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING (WIL)-TRENDS
CHALLENGES IN CO-OPERATIVE( Co-op) EDUCATION
  • - A CANADIAN PERSPECTIVE

3
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
  • Generic Description of Co-op
  • Co-op Education in Canada
  • A Case Study- UW Experience
  • International Trends/Directions/Findings
  • For New Start
  • References/ Q A

4
What is Co-operative Education?
  • An instrument for developing a nation's human
    resources
  • A strategy for helping students, businesses,
    and governments succeed in a global economy
  • A foundation for lifelong learning
  • A partnership

5
What Is Co-operative Education?
  • Experiential Learning
  • A structured educational program combining
    classroom learning with productive work
    experience in a field related to a student's
    academic or career goals
  • An integrated academic model
  • A partnership among students, educational
    institutions (faculty and administration) and
    employers, with specific responsibilities for
    each partner

6
Definition Of Cooperative Education
  • Co-op is an educational strategy integrating
    classroom curriculum with academically related
    work experience. It is called cooperative
    education since it requires the cooperation of
    the three parties involved student, educational
    institution, and employer.
  • It reinforces and expands critical thinking
    skills by combining the traditional academic
    curriculum with practical applications and
    experience (experiential learning).

7
Co-operative EducationA Partnership Community

8
Co-operative EducationThree Partners

9
Six Questions
  • 1. What is the main reason to consider the
    concept of Co-operative Education?
  • 2. What is the purpose of the program?
  • 3. Who should be involved?
  • 4. What is the role of those involved?
  • 5. How should the program be organized and
    managed?
  • 6. How should the activity be funded?

10
Partnerships
  • Practice of partnership is critical for
    successful sustainable co-op
  • Partners
  • Students
  • Employers
  • Academic Institutions
  • Governments
  • Alumni
  • Within the institution
  • Outside the institution
  • Common Purpose/Motive
  • Commitment
  • Performance
  • Communication

11
What Are the Characteristics of Co-op?
  • Each work situation is developed and/or approved
    by the
  • co-operative educational institution as a
    suitable learning situation.
  • Student is engaged in productive work, not merely
    observing.
  • Student receives remuneration for the work
    performed.
  • Student's progress on the job is monitored by the
    educational institution.
  • Student's progress on the job is supervised and
    evaluated by the employer.
  • The total co-operative work experience
    constitutes a significant portion of the academic
    program (normally between 30 and 50 of the total
    program).

12
Co-op in Canada
  • Institutions 1957 - 1
  • 2003 - 85 Canada (46 University-36 Colleges)
  • 2003 -28 Ontario (13 Universities-15 Colleges)
  • three sizes small, medium, large

Students 74,742 Undergraduates in Canada -
49,352 Universities - 25,390 colleges 39,668
Undergraduates in Ontario - 20,953
Universities - 18,715 Colleges Graduate ?
13
Co-op in Canada
  • Programs 1957 - 1
  • 2003 1000
  • Applied Sciences
  • Pure Sciences
  • Social Sciences
  • Humanities
  • Fine Arts

Models alternating
internship parallel other
Job Types professional/occupational
entrepreneurial humanitarian internat
ional
14
Benefits to Students
  • Integrate classroom theory with workplace
    practice
  • Earn money to pay for their education
  • Greater certainty about career choice prior to
    graduation
  • More informed about career opportunities
  • Perceive their own abilities and limitations
    better
  • Greater sense of autonomy, self-confidence,
    independence
  • Better understanding of workplace culture
  • Better matched to their jobs

15
Investments by Students
  • Higher fees UW co-op students pay an additional
    fee of 445, plus a work-report marking fee of
    14 per term
  • Move every 4 months - always slightly off balance
  • More difficult to get in the flow of campus life,
    e.g., varsity sports
  • Takes longer to graduate (five years instead of
    four)
  • Increased stress as interviews occur in mid-term

16
Benefits to Employers
  • Short Term
  • ability to hire students to complete project work
  • flexibility in hiring additional help without
    full-time commitment
  • enthusiastic, motivated employees with new ideas
    and skills
  • cost-effectiveness
  • Long Term
  • ability to screen future employees
  • connection with the educational institution
    provides employers with a flexible means of
    meeting staffing needs and an effective source of
    full-time recruitment
  • contribution to the development of young
    professionals and to the national society and
    economy

17
Investment by Employers
  • Initial lack of productivity training required
  • Supervisor's time
  • Salary and benefits
  • Loss of trained employees through turnover and
    returning to school

18
Benefits to Institution
  • Makes the institution more attractive and
    affordable for students
  • More efficient use of resources, physical plant,
    libraries, other facilities UW operates year
    round
  • Attracts excellent students who are highly
    motivated
  • More relevant curriculum
  • Knowledge transfer from the workplace to the
    classroom
  • Builds links with business and industry

19
Investments by Institution
  • Work-Term Related Costs
  • recovered from the students enrolled in co-op
    programs
  • Academic Delivery Costs
  • Courses are offered a second or third time in a
    year to accommodate the alternating work/academic
    terms.
  • Year-Round Operation Costs
  • Total extra costs at UW are estimated to be 23.5
    million per annum

20
Financial Paybacks
  • Taxes on income earned
  • Higher starting salaries
  • Fewer draw on government loans
  • Smaller loans
  • Faster loan repayment
  • Lower default rates

21
Beginnings of Co-op at Waterloo
  • Founded in 1957
  • Small Quiet Community in Ontario
  • Mixture of Industry and Business
  • Small Liberal Arts College
  • End of W.W.II - Economic Growth
  • Visionary Community Leaders

22
North America
23
Lake Erie -Lake Ontario Southwest Ontario Region
24
From Cedar Swamp...
25
to Present
26
(No Transcript)
27
Visionary Founders
28
The University
  • 1,000 acre campus
  • 21,500 full and part-time undergraduates
  • 2,400 full and part-time graduate students
  • 787 faculty members
  • 2,100 staff members
  • 375 million budget
  • 100 million external research funding
  • 112,000 alumni in 135 countries

29
Tatham Centre for Co-operative Education
Career Services
30
Facts About UW Co-op
  • Largest Co-op Program - enrolment of 11,000
    students
  • Over 60 of all full time undergraduates are
    Co-op
  • Over 100 Academic Programs in six academic
    faculties
  • Co-op mandatory in some programs, optional in
    others
  • UW is 63 of the Ontario university co-op system
    and 28 of the Canadian university co-op system
  • UW is 30 of total post-secondary Co-op enrolment
    in Ontario and 14.5 of total post-secondary
    Co-op enrolment in Canada
  • Students earned approximately 119 million on
    work terms in 2002

31
More Facts About UW Co-op
  • 3,500 active employers
  • 90 of co-op jobs are in Ontario
  • 75 of jobs are in the private sector and 25
    in the public sector
  • 862 UW co-op students participated in work
    terms outside Canada in 2002/2003, 556 worked
    in the U.S.
  • UW hired 541 co-op students in 2003

32
Growth in Co-op Enrolment at UW
33
Percentage of UW Students in Co-op and Regular,
2003-04
34
A Mosaic of Programs
  • 1957 - 1 2003 - 100
  • ARTS
  • Applied Studies with 20 majors and 4
    specializations
  • Chartered Accountancy
  • Management Accountancy
  • Digital Communication
  • Economics (Applied)
  • English (Literature, Rhetoric Professional
    Writing)
  • Anthropology
  • Political Science
  • Psychology
  • Sociology

35
A Mosaic of Programs
  • Applied Health Sciences
  • Health Studies and Gerontology
  • Kinesiology
  • Recreation Leisure Studies
  • Environmental Studies
  • Architecture
  • Environment Business
  • Environment Resource Studies
  • Geography
  • Planning

36
A Mosaic of Programs
  • Engineering
  • Chemical
  • Civil
  • Computer
  • Electrical
  • Environmental (Chemical Civil)
  • Geological
  • Mechanical
  • Mechatronics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Software
  • Systems Design

37
A Mosaic of Programs
  • Mathematics
  • Accountancy (Chartered Management)
  • Actuarial Science
  • Applied Math (Engineering Electives, Physics
    Electives)
  • Applied Statistics with Engineering Electives
  • Bioinformatics
  • Business Administration Mathematics (Double
    Degree)
  • Statistics
  • Combinatorics Optimization
  • Computer Science (Bioinformatics, Digital
    Hardware, Information System options)
  • Mathematics/Business Administration option
  • Mathematical Sciences
  • Pure Math (Electrical Engineering Electives)
  • Operations Research
  • Pure Math/Finance option
  • Math Teaching option
  • Scientific Computation/Applied Mathematics
    Statistics
  • Software Engineering

38
A Mosaic of Programs
  • Science
  • Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Bioinformatics
  • Biotechnology/Chartered Accountancy
  • Biotechnology/Economics
  • Chemistry
  • Computational Science
  • Earth Sciences
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Physics
  • Psychology
  • Science Business
  • Science Teaching (Biology, Biochemistry,
    Chemistry)

39
Career Preparation Programs
  • Co-op 101
  • Co-op Survival Skills
  • Resume Writing
  • Co-op Survival Skills The Sequel
  • Employer/Student Perspective
  • Interview Skills An Overview
  • Co-op Work Report Writing
  • Critical Incidents in the Workplace
  • Workplace Safety Know the Issues

40
Additional Career Preparation Programs
  • Career Decision Making
  • Letter Writing
  • Interview Skills The Basics, Preparing for
    Questions, Selling Your Skills
  • Successfully Negotiating Job Offers
  • Writing CVs and Cover Letters
  • Personality Dimensions
  • Job Search Strategies
  • Business Etiquette
  • Starting Your Own Business! The Basics, Next
    Steps
  • Preparing for Graduate Studies
  • Law School Bound
  • Are you thinking about Med School?

41
of Employers that Hire Students
  • Of 3,000 active employers
  • 60 hire 1 student
  • 30 hire 2, 3, or 4 students
  • 10 hire 5 or more students

42
International Co-op
  • Work Term of Students
  • January April 2003 256
  • May August 2003 201
  • September December 2003 221
  • January April 2004 205
  • Total 883

43
Weekly Earnings Survey
Co-op Programs 1 2 3 4 5 6
Applied Health Sciences 413 319-534 444 319-563 478 319-642 519 375-659 539 375.-724 635 356-844
Arts 464 338-600 513 375-609 567 421-674 585 412-710 637 450-750 639 418-809
Engineering Chemical, Civil, Computer,Electrical, Environmental, Geological, Mechanical, Software, Systems Design 504 375-600 563 469-656 606 506-700 661 563-750 708 600-800 745 600.-890
Environmental Studies Architecture 515 450-611 545 461-609 574 525-638 608 563-656 641 563-713 633 525-713
Environmental StudiesERS, Geography, Planning 479 375-581 518 450-600 560 488-670 567 488-654 567 462-656 N/A
Mathematics Applied Math, Bioinformatics, Business Administration, CO, Computer Science, Mathematical Sciences, Operations Research, Pure Math, Statistics 485 338-600 557 442-656 605 469-713 678 548-799 724 563-863 772 627-920
Actuarial Science N/A 590 431-680 664 500-777 751 600-885 825 697-938 892 788-1018
Teaching N/A N/A 464 300-625 457 375-563 N/A N/A
Science Biology, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Physics, Geology 471 375-573 503 413-600 532 402-653 587 450-741 602 439-750 N/A
Work Term Levels
Please Note This survey represents a calendar
year, N/A- Not Applicable, Issued January 2004
44
Academic Credit for the Work Experience
  • Credit for the work experience
  • Academic enhancement
  • Leadership
  • Ethics/Law
  • Intellectual Property
  • Risk management
  • Managing change
  • Communication
  • Critical analysis
  • Professional responsibility
  • Health/Safety

45
The Impact of Co-op
  • Quality of Students
  • Reputation
  • Relationships
  • Spin off companies (IP policy)
  • Community
  • Transfer of knowledge
  • Acceptance by other institutions

46
What has been successful ?
The idea itself Growth Enrollment of
students Diversity of programs Quality of
students Relationships (employers) human resource
strategy knowledge transfer Reputation Alumni,
Leaders of Tomorrow Community benefits
47
Concerns from the Partners
From students about process control the
busyness From employers about the process the
model technology From the University about the
idea itself funding benign acceptance
48
Benefits of Cooperative Education
Higher retention rate and higher job satisfaction
of co-op employees Ability for employers to test
co-op students Steady supply of trained staff at
reduced costs Excellent training ground for
future professionals provides students with
real-world experience International Co-op
programs train students with global
perspectives Grassroots support is generated for
building cooperative education programs in both
industrialized and developing countries
49
International Scope
  • Practiced in over 40 countries around the world
    utilizing different models that must adapt well
    with the educational institutions schedule and
    format
  • The concept of Co-op or work based education in
    its broader context is growing rapidly -
    particularly in developing nations due to the
    improved way it prepares youth for productive
    lives which in turn improves the nations economy
  • Models
  • Sandwich
  • Alternating
  • Parallel
  • Others based on local needs

50
Recent Developments in Co-op Education
  • Boundaries between universities workplace as
    learning sites becoming increasingly blurred
    new partnerships emerging universities,
    corporations governments
  • In Indonesia, emerging from its link and match
    program to more developed form
  • In Malaysia, associated especially with its major
    program of developments in IT and multi-media
  • In Thailand, associated with the emergence of new
    universities SUT Walailak University

51
A New Approach in the Creative Industries
  • Creative Industries include journalism,
    advertising, media production, animation, etc.
  • In Australia, Queensland University of Technology
    is in partnership with the Queensland government,
    business and industry in the Creative
    Industries. Research training facilities,
    incubator firms, public event space, as well as
    specialized retail outlets come together.

52
History of WACE
  • WACE was founded in 1983
  • International nonprofit organization
  • Advocates cooperative education or WIL around the
    world (unique)
  • Provider of technical service to establish or
    strengthen cooperative education programs
  • Current membership 1,000 representing 43
    countries

53
WACE Objectives
  • Promote work-integrated learning around the world
  • Advocate and advance work-integrated learning as
    an international human resource development
    strategy
  • Build global alliances of education, industry,
    and government
  • Provide value-added services, information, and
    products including assistance with networking
    opportunities
  • Sponsor regional forums and a biennial world
    conference for association with discounts in fees
    for members
  • Next World Conference Boston June 14-17, 2005

54
Cooperative Education as a Source of Labor Supply
to Firms in the College Labor Market
  • Based on a Research Project By
  • Center for Labor Market Studies
  • Northeastern University
  • for the
  • World Association for Cooperative Education, Inc.

55
Main FindingsOccupational Mobility, Retention,
PerformanceAppraisals and Promotions
Compared to non-coop hires
  • Coop hires experienced significantly greater
    upward occupational mobility
  • Coop hires had higher retention rates
  • Coop hires received substantially better
    performance appraisals
  • Coop hires received many more promotions
    regardless of the length of their tenure at the
    firm

56
Main FindingsCoop as a Source Certain Kinds
ofLabor Supply to the Firm
  • Cooperative education and college recruitment
    were the most effective sources of labor supply
    for hard-to-fill engineering and information
    technology positions
  • Coop was very effective in aiding the employer in
    hiring race and ethnic minorities

57
Performance Appraisal
  • Coop hires received consistently better
    performance appraisals than non-coop hires
  • On a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 being the worst and 5
    being the best, the mean performance appraisal of
    coop hires was 3.53 versus 3.26 for non-coop
    hires, a relative difference of 8 percent
  • Coop hires were twice as likely as non-coop hires
    to receive the highest performance appraisal
    rating by their supervisors (22 percent versus 11
    percent)
  • The performance of nearly 35 percent of coop
    hires was rated by their supervisors as exceeding
    all job requirements. Only 21 percent of
    non-coop hires received such performance ratings

58
Performance AppraisalPercentage Distribution of
New Hires by TheirMost Recent Performance
Appraisal
59
Promotions.Percentage Distribution of New
Hiresby Number of Promotions
60
Advice for a New Start
  • Is the inclusion of a co-operative education
    program consistent with the mission and goals of
    the institution?
  • Will the development of a co-operative education
    program detract seriously from other important
    programs of the institution?
  • Is the institution able and willing to make
    internal changes necessary for the effective
    operation of a co-operative education program?
  • Does the institution have sufficient financial
    resources to support a co-op program and is it
    willing to allocate those resources to it?
  • Is there a real likelihood of developing
    collaborative relationships with business and
    industry to provide
  • co-operative work experiences for students?

61
Keys to a Successful Co-op Program
  • Co-op must be a fully-integrated component of the
    students learning.
  • The institution must have a strong commitment to
    the concept.
  • Stakeholders (students, employers, faculty, the
    co-operative education department, and university
    administrators) must contribute as full partners.
  • Communication links among the partners must be
    strong.

62
Ongoing Issues
  • What model to adopt
  • A constantly changing economy
  • Constantly changing attitudes of students,
    employers, the institution
  • How big to grow and at what speed
  • Academic credit for the work experience
  • Acceptance of Career Education

63
Internet Websites
  • WACE http//www.waceinc.org
  • CACEE http//www.cacee.com
  • CEA http//www.ceainc.org/
  • CAFCE http//www.cafce.ca
  • University of Waterloo http//www.uwaterloo.ca/
  • CECS http//www.cecs.uwaterloo.ca

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Sources of Further Information
  • Journal of Co-operative Education
  • Wilson, James W., 1997, Creating and Initiating a
    Cooperative Education Program, Boston, USA World
    Association for Cooperative Education
  • R. Coll and C. Eames, International Handbook for
    Cooperative Education, Boston, USA World
    Association for Cooperative Education

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