Memory

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Memory
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• Memory - the Process by Which We Encode, Store,
  and Retrieve Information
• Encoding - Getting Information Into Memory
  Putting It Into a Form That Can Be Stored
• Storage - Keeping It in There
• Retrieval - Getting the Information Out
  Translating It Into Behavior/Conscious Perception

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Memory Systems

• Memory Is Not Perfect - And Forgetting Can Be
  Good

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• Three Types of Memory Systems
• 1. Sensory Memory
• Shortest Lasting
• Most Raw Information
• 2. Working (Short Term) Memory
• Less Short Lasting
• Less Raw Information
• 3. Long Term Memory
• Longest Lasting
• No Raw Information (I.e., Its All Processed)

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Sensory Memory

• One for Each Modality
• E.g., Iconic Visual (Lasts lt 1 Second)
• Echoic Auditory (Lasts lt 3-4
  Seconds)
• Sperlings Work on Iconic Memory . . .

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• 8 2 7 4
• 5 1 9 6
• 1 4 8 3

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• 7 2 9 9
• 0 6 1 8
• 5 4 7 4

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• 3 0 4 8
• 7 8 6 2
• 6 5 4 1

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Working (Short Term) Memory

• Three Parts
• 1. Central Executive
• Directs and Monitors the Other Pats of Working
  Memory
• Doesnt Not Hold Info Itself

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• 2. Visiospatial Sketch Pad
• The Minds Eye
• Where One Imagines and Manipulates Visual Images

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• 3. Phonological Loop
• Where We Hold and Manipulate Auditory/Semantic
  Information
• Can Hold 7 ?2 Chunks of Information
• A Chunk Is One Item or Group of Items That Can
  Fall Under One Cue
• Like a Letter, a Word,
• a Number, Arrangement
• on a Chess Board, Etc.
• Or, the Amount of Info.
• That One Can Say to
• Oneself in About
• 2 Seconds

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• 1. d ? ? ? ? ? ?
• 2. K L C I S N E
• 3. KLCISNE NVESE YNA NI CSTTIH TNDO
• 4. NICKELS SEVEN ANY IN STITCH DONT
• 5. NICKELS SEVEN ANY IN STITCH DONT
• SAVES AGO A SCORE TIME AND
• NINE WODDEN FOUR YEARS TAKE
• 6. DONT TAKE ANY WOODEN NICKELS
• FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO
• A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE

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• How many Fs are in the following sentence?
• FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULTS OF YEARS OF
  SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMPARED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF
  YEARS.
• There are 6.

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• Role of Rehearsal
• Keeps Information in the Phonological Loop
• Helps to Transfer Information Into Long Term
  Memory
• But Elaborative Rehearsal Is Better
• Levels of Processing

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Long Term Memory

• Four Parts
• 1. Episodic
• 1. Can Be Talked About (I.e., Verbalized)
• 2. Remembered With the Context in Which They
  Happened
• Like Stories
• and Events

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• 2. Semantic
• 1. Can Be Verbalized
• 2. But Are Typically Without Context
• Like Facts
• Math Skills
• Spelling
• Phone Numbers
• Names
• Etc.

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• 3. Procedural
• 1. Cannot Be Verbalized
• (You Can Talk About Knowing Them, but Thats Not
  How Theyre Stored)
• Like Driving a Car - You Can Talk About How To,
  but Thats Not Typically What You Do
• 2. Are Without Context

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Encoding Into LTM

• Defns.
• Encoding Transfer and Possibly Translation of
  Information (E.g., From Working to LTM)
• Retrieval Accessing Encoded Information and
  Transferring It Into Performance

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• Encoding and Retrieval Are Two Sides of the Same
  Coin

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• Types of Encoding and How They Affect Retrieval
• 1. Intentional Encoding - Simply Wanting to
  Learn Something Probably Is Not Sufficient

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• 2. Rehearsal
• Simple Repetition of Items
• Perhaps Sufficient to Create a Memory
• But Certainly Not the Best Way

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• 3. Levels of Processing
• The secret to a good memory is thus the
  secret of forming diverse and multiple
  associations with every fact we care to retain
• -- Wm. James

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• 3. Levels of Processing (cont.)
• Better Than Rote Rehearsal
• Deep Vs. Shallow Processing
• Deep Memories Are Generally Easier to Retrieve
• Deep Means More Elaborative, Perhaps More
  Emotional

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• A list of words will be shown on the screen, one
  word at a time. As you view each word, decide if
  you think that the word has a pleasant or
  unpleasant meaning. Write either a P (for
  pleasant) or a U (for unpleasant) on the
  adjacent line.

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• A list of words will be shown on the screen, one
  word at a time. As you view each word, decide
  how many syllables you think the word contains.
  Write that number on the adjacent line.

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glue
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cloud
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humidity
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lemonade
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thorn
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disease
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flower
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book
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puppy
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epidemic
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scorpion
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poetry
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mosquito
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exhaust
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blister
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volcano
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apple
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umbrella
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television
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graduation
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• television
• epidemic
• graduation
• humidity
• lemonade
• exhaust
• umbrella
• scorpion
• volcano
• mosquito

• cloud
• book
• thorn
• glue
• disease
• flower
• puppy
• blister
• apple
• poetry

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• 4. Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP)
• Better Than Levels of Processing
• Its Not Simply That Deeper Encoding Lends to
  Better Retrieval
• But That Retrieval Is Best When There Items Are
  Encoded As They Will Be Retrieved

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• 4. Transfer Appropriate Processing (cont.)
• I.e., When Memories Are Put in in the Same Way
  They Are to Be Taken Out
• So, Knowing How You Remember, I.e., Retrieve,
  Something Should Help You Figure Out How to
  Encode It.

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• An Example of TAP The Context Effect
• A Match Between Encoding and Retrieval Context
  Is Best
• Context Can Be
• 1. External (Location, People, Smells,
  Etc.)
• 2. Internal (Emotions, State of
  Consciousness, Etc.)

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• Ways of Improving Memory
• Known As Mnemonic Devices
• In a Nut Shell
• PRACTICE
• (Smarter, Not
• Just Harder)

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• Ways of Improving Memory (cont.)
• More Detailed
• Distributed Vs. Massed Processing
• Probably the Most Beneficial Change
• E.g. Studying for 2 Hours One Day Is Much Worse
  Than, Say, Studying 30 Minutes for 4 Days
• One Reason Seems To Be Lessened Proactive
  Interference Allows Memories to Settle
• So, During Breaks, Do Things Very Different From
  the Learning
• Like Sleep

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• Ways of Improving Memory (cont.)
• Elaborative Processing
• An Easy Way Is to Ask Yourself, Why?
• Use
• Prior Knowledge (Links the New to Something Old)
• and/or Things You Already Find Interesting
• Remember TAP!

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• Ways of Improving Memory (cont.)
• Technical Mnemonics
• Form Meaningful Connections Between Items
• ROY G. BIV (the Rainbow), HOME (the Great Lakes)
• Method of Loci
• Knowing a Rhyme to Attach Things to (One Is Bun,
  Two Shoe)

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Long-Term Memory Phenomena

• Memory Is a Reconstructive Process

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• Flashbulb Memories
• Memories of Emotionally-Charged Events
• Like Tragedies, First Kiss
• Actually Probably No Better, but Retrieved More
  Often

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• Schemata

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• Eye-Witness Memories
• Weapon Focus
• Leading Questions
• Smashing Cars

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• Repressed Memories

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